643
Views
156
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

Orthokeratology review and update

, PhD
Pages 124-143 | Received 21 Dec 2005, Accepted 21 Apr 2006, Published online: 15 Apr 2021

REFERENCES

  • Mountford J. Orthokeratology—Principles and Practice. London: Butterworth‐Heinemann, 2004.
  • Ruston D, Dave T. Accelerated orthokeratology—an introduction. Optom Today 1997; 37(20): 28–34.
  • Caroline PJ. Contemporary orthokeratology. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2001; 24: 41–46.
  • Pearson RM. Kalt, keratoconus and the contact lens. Optom Vis Sci 1989; 66: 643–646.
  • Morrison RJ. Contact lenses and the progression of myopia. J Am Optom Assoc 1957; 28: 711–713.
  • Jessen GN. Orthofocus techniques. Contacto 1962; 6(7): 200–204.
  • Jessen GN. Contact lenses as a therapeutic device. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1964; 41: 429–435.
  • Nolan J. Orthokeratology with steep lenses. Contacto 1972; 16(9): 31–37.
  • Kerns RL. Research in orthokeratology. Part III: results and observations. J Am Optom Assoc 1976; 47: 1505–1515.
  • Binder PS, May CH, Grant SC. An evaluation of orthokeratology. Ophthalmology 1980; 87: 729–744.
  • Polse KA, Brand RJ, Schwalbe JS, Vastine DW, Keener RJ. The Berkeley Orthokeratology Study, Part II: Efficacy and duration. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1983; 60: 187–198.
  • Polse KA, Brand RJ, Keener RJ, Schwalbe JS, Vastine DW. The Berkeley Orthokeratology Study, part III: safety. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1983; 60: 321–328.
  • Coon LJ. Orthokeratology. Part II: Evaluating the Tabb method. J Am Optom Assoc 1984; 55: 409–418.
  • Mackeen DL, Sachdev M, Ballou V, Cavanagh HD. A prospective multicenter clinical trial to assess safety and efficacy of Menicon SF‐P RGP lenses for extended wear. CLAO J 1992; 18: 183–186.
  • Fontana AA. Orthokeratology using the one piece bifocal. Contacto 1972; 16(6): 45–47.
  • Wlodyga RJ, Bryla C. Corneal molding: the easy way. Contact Lens Spectrum 1989; 4(8): 58–65.
  • Harris DH, Stoyan N. A new approach to orthokeratology. Contact Lens Spectrum 1992; 7(4): 37–39.
  • Jacobson J. Orthokeratology: the global perspective. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Chicago, July 2005.
  • Sicari J. Orthokeratology: the US perspective. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Chicago, July 2005.
  • Watt K, Boneham G, Swarbrick HA. MK in OK: the Australian experience. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Chicago, July 2005.
  • Lui WO, Edwards MH. Orthokeratology in low myopia. Part 1: efficacy and predictability. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2000; 23(3): 77–89.
  • Swarbrick HA, Wong G, O'leary DJ. Corneal response to orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 1998; 75: 791–799.
  • Fan L, Jun J, Jia Q, Wangqing J, Xinjie M, Yi S. Clinical study of orthokeratology in young myopic adolescents. Int Contact Lens Clin 1999; 26: 113–116.
  • Mountford J. An analysis of the changes in corneal shape and refractive error induced by accelerated orthokeratology. Int Contact Lens Clin 1997; 24: 128–143.
  • Nichols JJ, Marsich MM, Nguyen M, Barr JT, Bullimore MA. Overnight orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2000; 77: 252–259.
  • Rah MJ, Jackson JM, Jones LA, Marsden HJ, Bailey MD, Barr JT. Overnight orthokeratology: preliminary results from the Lenses and Overnight Orthokeratology (LOOK) study. Optom Vis Sci 2002; 79: 598–605.
  • Tahhan N, Du toit R, Papas E, Chung H, Lahood D, Holden BA. Comparison of reverse‐geometry lens designs for overnight orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 796–804.
  • Soni PS, Nguyen TT, Bonanno JA. Overnight orthokeratology: visual and corneal changes. Eye Contact Lens 2003; 29: 137–145.
  • Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards MH, Fung J. An assessment of consecutively presenting orthokeratology patients in a Hong Kong based private practice. Clin Exp Optom 2003; 86: 331–338.
  • Alharbi A, Swarbrick HA. The effects of overnight orthokeratology lens wear on corneal thickness. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 2518–2523.
  • Joslin CE, Wu SM, Mcmahon TT, Shahidi M. Higher‐order wavefront aberrations in corneal refractive therapy. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 805–811.
  • Owens H, Garner LF, Craig JP, Gamble G. Posterior corneal changes with orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci 2004; 81: 421–426.
  • Hiraoka T, Furuya A, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto F, Kakita T, Oshika T. Influence of overnight orthokeratology on corneal endothelium. Cornea 2004; 23: S82–S86.
  • Maldonado‐codina C, Efron S, Morgan P, Haugh T, Efron N. Empirical versus trial set fitting systems for accelerated orthokeratology. Eye Contact Lens 2005; 31: 137–147.
  • Sorbara L, Fonn D, Simpson T, Lu F, Kort R. Reduction of myopia from corneal refractive therapy. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 512–518.
  • Berntsen DA, Barr JT, Mitchell GL. The effect of overnight contact lens corneal reshaping on higher‐order aberrations and best‐corrected visual acuity. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 490–497.
  • Tung Hc. Xtreme Contour (XC) orthokeratology for high myopia reduction. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Toronto, August 2002.
  • Woo PT. High myopia orthokeratology treatment for children. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Toronto, July 2004.
  • Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards MH. Practice of orthokeratology by a group of contact lens practitioners in Hong Kong. Part 2: Orthokeratology lenses. Clin Exp Optom 2003; 86: 42–46.
  • Lin LL, Shih YF, Tsai CB, Chen CJ, Lee LA, Hung PT, Hou PK. Epidemiological study of ocular refraction among schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 275–281.
  • Edwards MH. The development of myopia in Hong Kong children between the ages of 7 and 12 years: a five‐year longitudinal study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1999; 19: 286–294.
  • Rah MJ, Bailey MD, Hayes J, Kwok A, Zadnik K. Comparison of NEI RQL‐42 scores in LASIK vs. CRT patients. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: E‐Abstract 1578.
  • Ritchey ER, Barr JT, Mitchell GL. The Comparison of Overnight Lens Modalities (COLM) study. Eye Contact Lens 2005; 31: 70–75.
  • Lipson MJ, Sugar A, Musch DC. Overnight corneal reshaping versus soft disposable contact lenses: vision‐related quality‐of‐life differences from a randomized clinical trial. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 886–891.
  • Murugappa S, Swarbrick H. Quality of life in orthokeratology patients. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Toronto, July 2004.
  • Sridharan R, Swarbrick HA. Corneal response to short‐term orthokeratology lens wear. Optom Vis Sci 2003; 80: 200–206.
  • Tahhan N, Papas E, Du toit R, Stern J, Kalliris A, Wong R, Holden B. Corneal topographic change after short periods of reverse geometry rigid gas permeable lens wear. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: E‐Abstract 972.
  • Jackson JM, Bildstein T, Anderson J, Leak B, Buresh K. Short‐term corneal changes with corneal refractive therapy (CRT). ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: E‐Abstract 1547.
  • Kamei Y, Cassar K, Shen J, Soni PS. Short‐term corneal changes in closed eye condition with orthokeratology lenses. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: E‐Abstract 2060.
  • Mountford J. Retention and regression of orthokeratology with time. Int Contact Lens Clin 1998; 25: 59–64.
  • Barr JT, Rah MJ, Meyers W, Legerton J. Recovery of refractive error after corneal refractive therapy. Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 247–251.
  • Soni PS, Nguyen TT, Bonanno JA. Overnight orthokeratology: refractive and corneal recovery after discontinuation of reverse‐geometry lenses. Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 254–262.
  • Sridharan R. Response and regression of the cornea with short‐term OK lens wear. MSc thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 2001.
  • Erickson P, Thorn F. Does refractive error change twice as fast as corneal power in orthokeratology? Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1977; 54: 581–587.
  • Patterson TC. Orthokeratology: changes to the corneal curvature and the effect on refractive power due to the sagittal length change. J Am Optom Assoc 1975; 46: 719–729.
  • Alharbi AA. Corneal response to overnight orthokeratology. PhD thesis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 2005.
  • Yang X, Gong XM, Dai ZY, Wei L, Li SX. [Topographical evaluation on decentration of orthokeratology lenses.] in Chinese. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2003; 39: 335–338.
  • Lu FH, Simpson T, Sorbara L, Fonn D, Jones L. The relationship between the treatment zone diameter and visual, optical and subjective performance in CRT lens wearers. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: E‐Abstract 1576.
  • Swarbrick HA. The e’s, p's and Q's of corneal shape. Refractive Eyecare for Ophthalmologists 2004; 8(12): 5–8.
  • Kulkarni P. Determining the shape of the cornea after orthokeratology lens wear: a mathematical model. MOptom research report, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2003.
  • Jackson JM, Rah MJ, Jones LA, Bailey MD, Barr JT. Analysis of refractive error changes in overnight orthokeratology using power vectors. Poster presented at the American Academy of Optometry annual meeting, 2001.
  • Mountford J, Pesudovs K. An analysis of the astigmatic changes induced by accelerated orthokeratology. Clin Exp Optom 2002; 85: 284–293.
  • Hiraoko T, Furuya A, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto F, Sakata N, Hiratsuka K, Kakira T, Oshika J. Quantitative evaluation of regular and irregular corneal astigmatism in patients having overnight orthokeratology. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 1425–1429.
  • Hiraoka T, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto F, Yamagushi T, Hirohara Y, Mihashi T, Oshika T. Corneal higher‐order aberrations induced by overnight orthokeratology. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 139: 429–436.
  • Hayashi T, Fatt I. Forces retaining a contact lens on the eye between blinks. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980; 57: 485–507.
  • Allaire PE, Flack RD. Squeeze forces in contact lenses with a steep base curve radius. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980; 57: 219–227.
  • Coon LJ. Orthokeratology, Part 1: Historical perspective. J Am Optom Assoc 1982; 53: 187–195.
  • Mountford J, Noack D. A mathematical model for corneal shape changes associated with ortho‐k. Contact Lens Spectrum 1998; 13: 39–45.
  • Munnerlyn K, Koons CR, Marshall SJ. Photorefractive keratectomy: a technique for laser refractive surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1988; 14: 46–52.
  • Haque S, Fonn D, Simpson T, Jones L. Corneal and epithelial thickness changes after 4 weeks of overnight corneal refractive therapy lens wear, measured with optical coherence tomography. Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 189–193.
  • Choo JD, Caroline PJ, Harlin DD, Meyers W. Morphological changes in cat epithelium following overnight lens wear with the Paragon CRT lens for corneal reshaping. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: E‐Abstract 1552.
  • Matsubara M, Kamei Y, Takeda S, Mukai K, Ishii Y, Ito S. Histologic and histochemical changes in rabbit cornea produced by an orthokeratology lens. Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 198–204.
  • Choo J, Caroline P, Harlin D, Meyers W. Morphologic changes in cat stroma following 14 days continuous wear of Paragon CRT lenses. Poster presented at the American Academy of Optometry annual meeting, 2004.
  • Holden BA, Sweeney DF, Collin HB. The effects of RGP and silicone elastomer lens binding on corneal structure. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30 (suppl): 481.
  • Greenberg MH, Hill RM. The physiology of contact lens imprints. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1973; 50: 699–702.
  • Shin YJ, Kim MK, Wee WR, Lee JH, Shin DB, Lee JL, Xu YG, Choi SW. Change in proliferation rate of corneal epithelium in the rabbit with orthokeratology lens. Ophthalmic Res 2005; 37: 94–103.
  • Alharbi A, La hood D, Swarbrick HA. Overnight orthokeratology lens wear can inhibit the central stromal edema response. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 2334–2340.
  • Wang J, Fonn D, Simpson TL, Sorbara L, Kort R, Jones L. Topographical thickness of the epithelium and total cornea after overnight wear of reverse‐geometry rigid contact lenses for myopia reduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 4742–4746.
  • Swarbrick HA, Jayakumar J, Co W, He D, Siu C, Yau B. Overnight corneal edema can modulate the short‐term clinical response to orthokeratology lens wear. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: E‐abstract 2056.
  • Joslin CE, Wu SM, Mcmahon TT, Shahidi M. Is ‘whole eye’ wavefront analysis helpful to corneal refractive therapy? Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 186–188.
  • Perez‐gomez I, Maldonado‐codina C, Efron S, Efron N, Morgan P. Confocal microscopic evaluation of corneal changes after orthokeratology. Poster presented at the American Academy of Optometry meeting, 2003.
  • Levy B. Permanent corneal damage in a patient undergoing orthokeratology. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982; 59: 697–699.
  • Dart JKG, Stapleton F, Minassian D. Contact lenses and other risk factors in microbial keratitis. Lancet 1991; 338: 650–653.
  • Schein OD, Glynn RJ, Poggio EC, Seddon JM, Kenyan KR. The relative risk of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily‐wear and extended‐wear soft contact lenses. New Engl J Med 1989; 321: 773–778.
  • Stapleton F. Contact lens‐related microbial keratitis: what can epidemiologic studies tell us? Eye Contact Lens 2003; 29 (suppl): S85–S89.
  • Ladage PM, Yamamoto N, Robertson DM, Jester JV, Petroll WM, Cavanagh HD. Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal binding after 24‐hour orthokeratology lens wear. Eye Contact Lens 2004; 30: 173–178.
  • Watt K, Swarbrick HA. Microbial keratitis in overnight orthokeratology: review of the first 50 cases. Eye Contact Lens 2005; 31: 201–208.
  • Dewoolfson BH. Orthokeratology lens‐related ulcers in children—letter to the editor. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 167.
  • Lam DSC, Houang E, Fan DSP, Lyon D, Seal D, Wong E, Hong Kong Microbial Keratitis Study Group. Incidence and risk factors for microbial keratitis in Hong Kong: comparison with Europe and North America. Eye 2002; 16: 608–618.
  • Lin MC, Graham AD, Fusaro RE, Polse KA. Impact of rigid gas‐permeable contact lens extended wear on corneal epithelial barrier function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43: 1019–1024.
  • Cheng KH, Leung SL, Hoekman HW, Beekhuis WH, Mulder PG, Geerards AJ, Kijlstra A. Incidence of contact lens associated microbial keratitis and its related morbidity. Lancet 1999; 354: 179–183.
  • Stehr‐green JK, Bailey TM, Visvesvara GS. The epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 331–336.
  • Seal DV, Kirkness CM, Bennett HGB, Peterson M, Keratitis Study group. Acanthamoeba keratitis in Scotland: risk factors for contact lens wearers. Contact Lens Ant Eye 1999; 22: 58–68.
  • Walline JJ, Holden BA, Bullimore MA, Rah MJ, Asbell BA, Barr JT, Caroline PJ, Cavanagh HD, Despoditis N, Desmond F, Koffler BH, Reeder K, Swarbrick HA, Wohl LG. The current state of corneal reshaping. Eye Contact Lens 2005; 31: 209–214.
  • Boost MV, Cho P. Microbial flora of tears of orthokeratology patients, and microbial contamination of contact lenses and contact lens accessories. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 451–468.
  • Ramachandran L, Sharma S, Sankaridurg PR, Vajdic CM, Chuck JA, Holden BA, Sweeney DF, Rao N. Examination of the conjunctival microbiota after 8 hours of eye closure. CLAO J 1995; 21: 195–199.
  • Kwok LS, Pierscionek BK, Bullimore M, Swarbrick HA, Mountford J, Sutton G. Orthokeratology for myopic children: wolf in sheep's clothing? Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 33: 343–347.
  • Reim TR, Lund M, Wu R. Orthokeratology and adolescent myopia control. Contact Lens Spectrum 2003; 18(3): 40–42.
  • Cheung SW, Cho P, Fan D. Asymmetrical increase in axial length in the two eyes of a monocular orthokeratology patient. Optom Vis Sci 2004; 81: 653–656.
  • Cho P, Cheung SW, Edwards M. The longitudinal orthokeratology research in children (LORIC) in Hong Kong: a pilot study on refractive changes and myopia control. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30: 71–80.
  • Wyss M. Correction of higher amounts of astigmatism during orthokeratology. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Toronto, July 2004.
  • Baertschi M. Correction of high astigmatism with orthokeratology. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Chicago, July 2005.
  • Swarbrick HA, Hiew R, Kee AV, Peterson S, Tahhan N. Apical clearance rigid contact lenses induce corneal steepening. Optom Vis Sci 2004; 81: 427–435.
  • Sorbara L, Lu F, Fonn D, Simpson T. Topographic keratometric effects of corneal refractive therapy for hyperopia after one night of lens wear. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: E‐Abstract 2061.
  • Reeder K. Correction of hyperopia with orthokeratology. Paper presented at the Global Orthokeratology Symposium, Chicago, July 2005.
  • Swarbrick HA, Katalinic P, Corti D. Induction and recovery of corneal topographic changes with apical touch and apical clearance rigid contact lenses. ARVO abstract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40 (suppl): S908.
  • Connon CJ, Meek KM, Newton RH, Kenney MC, Alba SA, Karageozian H. Hyaluronidase treatment, collagen fibril packing, and normal transparency in rabbit corneas. J Refract Surg 2000; 16: 448–455.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.