Retinal vascular calibre as a predictor of incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy

REFERENCES

• Mohamed Q, Gillies MC, Wong TY. Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. JAMA 2007; 298: 902–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 2010; 376: 124–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, Forder P et al. Effects of long‐term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1849–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel A, Macmahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2560–2572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell P, Wong TY. DIRECT new treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 2008; 372: 1361–1363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasongko MB, Wong TY, Nguyen TT, Kawasaki R, Jenkins A, Shaw J, Wang JJ. Serum apolipoprotein AI and B are stronger biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy than traditional lipids. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 474–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Alibrahim E, Islam FM, Klein R, Klein BE, Cotch MF, Shea S et al. Inflammatory, hemostatic and other novel biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy: the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1704–1709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage HI, Hendrix JW, Peterson DC, Young H, Wilkinson CP. Differences in pulsatile ocular blood flow among three classifications of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 4504–4509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luu CD, Szental JA, Lee SY, Lavanya R, Wong TY. Correlation between retinal oscillatory potentials and retinal vascular caliber in type 2 diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 482–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Wong TY. Retinal vascular changes and diabetic retinopathy. Curr Diab Rep 2009; 9: 277–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasongko MB, Wong TY, Nguyen TT, Cheung CY, Shaw JE, Wang JJ. Retinal vascular tortuosity in persons with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 2409–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung N, Donaghue KC, Lie G, Rogers SL, Wang JJ, Lim SW, Jenkins AJ et al. Quantitative assessment of early diabetic retinopathy using fractal analysis. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 106–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Wang JJ, Mackey DA, Wong TY. Retinal vascular caliber: systemic, environmental, and genetic associations. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 54: 74–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kifley A, Wang JJ, Cugati S, Wong TY, Mitchell P. Retinal vascular caliber, diabetes and retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143: 1024–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Wong TY, Sharrett AR. Retinal vascular caliber in persons with type 2 diabetes: the Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XX. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 1488–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Wang JJ, Sharrett AR, Islam FM, Klein R, Klein BE, Cotch MF et al. Relationship of retinal vascular caliber with diabetes and retinopathy: the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 544–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulpitt CJ, Dollery CT, Kohner EM. The marginal plasma zone in the retinal microcirculation. Cardiovasc Res 1970; 4: 207–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard LD, Brothers RJ, King WN, Clegg LX, Klein R, Cooper LS, Sharrett AR et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 2269–2280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudtson MD, Lee K, Hubbard L, Wong T, Klein R, Klein B. Revised formulas for summarizing retinal vessel diameters. Curr Eye Res 2003; 27: 143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung CY, Hsu W, Lee ML, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Lau QP, Hamzah H et al. A new method to measure peripheral retinal vascular caliber over an extended area. Microcirculation. 2010; 17: 495–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Wong TY, Hubbard L, Cruickshanks KJ, Palta M. The relation of retinal vessel caliber to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy: XIX: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 76–83.
   Google Scholar
• Roy MS, Klein R, Janal MN. Retinal venular diameter as an early indicator of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy with and without high‐risk characteristics in African Americans with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Wong TY. Retinal vessel caliber and microvascular and macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: XXI: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 1884–1892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers SL, Tikellis G, Cheung N, Tapp R, Shaw J, Zimmet PZ, Mitchell P et al. Retinal arteriolar caliber predicts incident retinopathy: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 761–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY. Retinal vessel diameter as a clinical predictor of diabetic retinopathy progression: time to take out the measuring tape. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 95–96.
   Google Scholar
• Stefansson E, Landers MB 3rd, Wolbarsht ML. Oxygenation and vasodilatation in relation to diabetic and other proliferative retinopathies. Ophthalmic Surg 1983; 14: 209–226.
   Google Scholar
• De jong FJ, Vernooij MW, Ikram MK, Ikram MA, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Van der lugt A et al. Arteriolar oxygen saturation, cerebral blood flow, and retinal vessel diameters. The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 887–892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong TY, Islam FM, Klein R, Klein BE, Cotch MF, Castro C, Sharrett AR et al. Retinal vascular caliber, cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation: the multi‐ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 2341–2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, Wong TY, Tsai MY. Are inflammatory factors related to retinal vessel caliber? The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 87–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Wang JJ, Wong TY. Retinal vascular changes in pre‐diabetes and prehypertension: new findings and their research and clinical implications. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2708–2715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandecka A, Dawczynski J, Blum M, Müller N, Kloos C, Wolf G, Vilser W et al. Influence of flickering light on the retinal vessels in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 3048–3052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Kawasaki R, Wang JJ, Kreis AJ, Shaw J, Vilser W, Wong TY. Flicker light‐induced retinal vasodilation in diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 2075–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TT, Kawasaki R, Kreis AJ, Wang JJ, Shaw J, Vilser W, Wong TY. Correlation of light‐flicker‐induced retinal vasodilation and retinal vascular caliber measurements in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50: 5609–5613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern TS, Barber AJ. Retinal ganglion cells in diabetes. J Physiol 2008; 586: 4401–4408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1080–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garhöfer G, Zawinka C, Resch H, Kothy P, Schmetterer L, Dorner GT. Reduced response of retinal vessel diameters to flicker stimulation in patients with diabetes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004; 88: 887–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Bower BA, Izatt JA, Tan O, Huang D. In vivo total retinal blood flow measurement by Fourier domain Doppler optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2007; 12: 041215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore ED, Hudson C, Nrusimhadevara RK, Harvey PT, Mandelcorn M, Lam WC, Devenyi RG. Retinal arteriolar diameter, blood velocity and blood flow response to an isocapnic hyperoxic provocation in early sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 1744–1750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew G, Sharrett AR, Kronmal R, Klein R, Wong TY, Mitchell P, Kifley A et al. Measurement of retinal vascular caliber: issues and alternatives to using the arteriole to venule ratio. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 52–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristinsson JK, Gottfredsdóttir MS, Stefánsson E. Retinal vessel dilatation and elongation precedes diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81: 274–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcgeechan K, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Liew G, Wong TY. Assessing new biomarkers and predictive models for use in clinical practice: a clinician's guide. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2304–2310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcgeechan K, Liew G, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Klein R, Klein BE, Wang JJ et al. Prediction of incident stroke events based on retinal vessel caliber: a systematic review and individual‐participant meta‐analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 1323–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar