- 1 Mountain southerners have been the subject of almost countless articles and books. E. E. Edwards, References on the Mountaineers of the Southern Appalachians, United States Department of Agriculture, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 28 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935), contains hundreds of items. For some representative examples, see: J. C. Campbell, The Southern Highlander and His Homeland (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1921); W. H. Haney, Mountain People of Kentucky (Cincinnati: Roessler Bros., 1906); M. A. Hitch, “Life in a Blue Ridge Hollow,”Journal of Geography, Vol. 30 (1931), pp. 309 322; H. Kephart, Our Southern Highlanders (New York: Outing, 1913); M. Pearsall, Little Smoky Ridge, the Natural History of a Southern Appalachian Neighborhood (University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1959); E. C. Semple, “The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains,”Geographical Journal, Vol. 17 (1901), pp. 588 623; M. Sherman and T. R. Henry, Hollow Folk (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1933); and S. H. Thompson, The Highlanders of the South (New York: Eaton & Mains, 1910).
- 2 See, for example, J. S. Hall, The Phonetics of Great Smoky Mountain Speech (New York: King's Crown Press, 1942).
- 3 V. Rudolph, Ozark Mountain Folks (New York: Vanguard Press, 1932).
- 4 For example, see: E. J. W. Miller, “The Ozark Culture Region as Revealed by Traditional Materials,”Annals, Association of American Geographers, Vol. 58 (1968), p. 55.
- 5 W. R. Clevinger, “Southern Appalachian Highlanders in Western Washington,”Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 33 (1942), pp. 3 25; and, by the same writer, “The Appalachian Mountaineers in the Upper Cowlitz Basin,” ibid., Vol. 29 (1938), pp. 115–134.
- 6 T. G. Jordan, “The Imprint of the Upper and Lower South on Mid-Nineteenth-Century Texas,”Annals, Association of American Geographers, Vol. 57 (1967), pp. 667 690.
- 7 E. H. Hammond, “Classes of Land-Surface Form in the Forty Eight States, U.S.A.,”Annals, Association of American Geographers, Vol. 54 (1964), Map Supplement No. 4.
- 8 Texas Almanac and State Industrial Guide 1966–1967 (Dallas: Morning News, 1965), pp. 222–335. See also L. G. Kennamer et al., Atlas of Texas (Austin: University of Texas Bureau of Business Research, 1967), p. 8.
- 9 Hammond, op. cit., footnote 7.
- 10 Texas Almanac, op. cit., footnote 8, pp. 350–351.
- 11 Ibid., pp. 116–121.
- 12 G. T. Trewartha, An Introduction to Climate (New York: McGraw Hill, 1954), p. 235.
- 13 Taken from records in the Office of the State Climatologist, Austin, Texas. The station is Fredericksburg in Gillespie County.
- 14 Totals for the city of Austin were deleted. National Archives Microfilm Publications, Population Schedules of the Seventh Census (Washington, 1964), rolls no. 908–16.
- 15 Ibid., Population Schedules of the Eighth Census, rolls no. 280–85.
- 16 H. L. Kerr, Migration into Texas, 1865–1880, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, 1953, pp. 87–94.
- 17 The 29 hill counties, including some settled dominantly by Europeans, are Bandera, Blanco, Bosque, Brown, Burnet, Callahan, Coleman, Commanche, Coryell, Eastland, Edwards, Erath, Gillespie, Hamilton, Hood, Kendall, Kerr, Kimble, Lampasas, Llano, Mason, McCulloch, Palo Pinto, Parker, San Saba, Shackelford, Somervell, Stephens, and Wise. Arkansas was the leading state of removal of the Anglo-American population for those counties in italics.
- 18 J. deCordova, Texas: Her Resources and Her Public Men (Philadelphia: E. Crozet, 1858), p. 284.
- 19 W. P. Webb and H. B. Carroll (eds.), The Handbook of Texas (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1952), Vol. 2, p. 846.
- 20 Population of the United States in 1860, in the Eighth Census of the United States (Washington, 1864), pp. 487–489.
- 21 Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population, Vol. III, Part 2 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1932), pp. 1016–1023. The census of 1930 was chosen because it included more detailed information by counties on natives of European-born parentage than any other published by the United States. Furthermore, the immigration of Europeans in the mid-nineteenth century was still evident in the 1930 figures, but not in those for 1960.
- 22 Population of the United States in 1860, op. cit., footnote 20, pp. 484–486.
- 23 United States Census of Population: 1960, Vol. 1, Characteristics of the Population, Part 45, Texas (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1963), pp. 24–27, 64, 245–263.
- 24 For a list of the counties lying wholly within the hill culture area, see the note following Table 2.
- 25 U. S. Census of Population: 1960, Vol. I, part 45, pp. 24–27, 245–263; ibid., Subject Reports, Persons of Spanish Surname, Final Report PC (2)—1B, pp. ix, 197–198.
- 26 Fifteenth Census of the U. S., op. cit., footnote 21, pp. 978, 1014, 1016, 1020.
- 27 E. N. Wells, Blazing the Way: Tales of Comanche County Pioneers (n.p., n.d.), pp. 77–78. A search of bibliographies of government publications failed to reveal what this federal commission was called or any published findings it might have produced.
- 28 U. S. Census of Population: 1960, op. cit., footnotes 23 and 25, Vol. 1, Part 45, pp. 25, 248, 250; Final Report PC (2)—1B, p. 197.
- 29 O. Lewis, On the Edge of the Black Waxy: A Cultural Survey of Bell County, Texas, Washington University Studies, New Series, Social and Philosophical Sciences, No. 7 (St. Louis: Washington University, 1948), pp. 6–9.
- 30 J. G. Bryson, Culture of the Shin Oak Ridge Folk (n.p.: Firm Foundation Publishing House, 1964), p. 5; U. S. Census of Population: 1960, op. cit., footnote 23, Vol. 1, Part 45, p. 162.
- 31 Every topographic map available in the various libraries of the University of Texas at Austin was examined. These included hundreds of sheets published by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Army Corps of Engineers, at scales 1:24,000, 1:31,680, 1:62,500, and 1:125,000. These did not provide equal coverage for all parts of the state. Nevertheless, the distribution of various place-names as revealed on the maps accompanying the present article is felt to be basically accurate.
- 32 E. Upton, “The Austin Hill Folk,” in Texian Stomping Grounds, Publication No. 17 (Austin: Texas Folk-Lore Society, 1941), pp. 40–41.
- 33 S. S. MacClintock, “Kentucky Mountains and Their Feuds,”American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 7 (1901), pp. 1 28 and 171–187.
- 34 As quoted in C. L. Sonnichsen, I'll Die Before I'll Run: The Story of the Great Feuds of Texas (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. vi.
- 35 Webb and Carroll, op. cit., footnote 19, Vol. 1, pp. 594–596.
- 36 Sonnichsen, op. cit., footnote 34, p. 164.
- 37 Upton, op. cit., footnote 32, pp. 42–43.
- 38 Bryson, op. cit., footnote 30, pp. 163–164.
- 39 The reference is to those counties in which the Negro + Spanish surname population was ten percent or less of the total population, figured to the nearest whole percent.
- 40 Comanche, Hood, and Somervell were the counties wholly within the hill culture area; Blanco, Bosque, and Gillespie counties were those partially within it. U. S. Census of Population: 1960, op. cit., footnote 23, Part 45, pp. 495–516.
- 41 Unfortunately, the farm housing survey of 1934, in which the number of occupied log cabins was listed, contained figures for only one county (Stephens) wholly within the hill culture area. United States Department of Agriculture, The Farm-Housing Survey, Miscellaneous Publication No. 323 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1939).
- 42 U. S. Census of Population: 1960, op. cit., footnote 23, Part 45, pp. 21–24, 55.
- 43 U. S. Census of Population: 1960, Part 45, pp. 24–27.
- 44 1963 Census of Manufactures, Vol. III, Area Statistics (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1966), pp. 44–24 to 44–38.
- 45 “Census of the State of Texas for 1858,” in Texas Almanac for 1859 (Galveston: Richardson, 1858), pp. 208–211.
- 46 Webb and Carroll, op. cit., footnote 19, Vol. 1, p. 822.
- 47 D. W. Meinig, Imperial Texas: An Interpretive Essay in Cultural Geography (Austin & London: University of Texas Press, 1969), pp. 66–69. In this respect, I incorrectly downgraded the Upper Southern contribution to Texas ranching in T. G. Jordan, “The Origin of Anglo-American Cattle Ranching in Texas: A Documentation of Diffusion From the Lower South,”Economic Geography, Vol. 45 (1969), p. 82.
- 48 Upton, op. cit., footnote 32, p. 41; Lewis, op. cit., footnote 29, pp. 24, 41, 82.
- 49 1964 United States Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 37, Texas (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 746 ff.
- 50 1964 United States Census of Agriculture, Vol. 1, Part 37, pp. 718 ff.
- 51 Upton, op. cit., footnote 32, pp. 41, 42; Lewis, op. cit., footnote 29, p. 16.
- 52 Webb and Carroll, op. cit., footnote 19, Vol. 1, pp. 695–696; Vol. 2, pp. 17, 213; Sonnichsen, op. cit., footnote 34, pp. 97, 113.
- 53 Webb and Carroll, op. cit., footnote 19, Vol. 1, p. 366; Vol. 2, p. 779.
- 54 Upton, op. cit., footnote 32, p. 42; Lewis, op. cit., footnote 29, p. 27.
- 55 Information obtained from issues of the Texas Liquor Control Board Review, Vol. 26 (1963) through Vol. 32 (1968).
- 56 Upton, op. cit., footnote 32, p. 47.
- 57 For the definition of “white” counties, see footnote 39.
- 58 U. S. Census of Population: 1960, op. cit., footnote 23, Part 45, pp. 561–582.
- 59 Texas Almanac 1966–1967, op. cit., footnote 8, pp. 129–132.
- 60 U. S. Census of Population: 1960, op. cit., footnote 23, Part 45, pp. 181–244.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
Volume 60, 1970 - Issue 3