- 1 Important basic sources include Academia R. P. Rom[icaron]ne, Monografia Geografica a R. P. Rom[icaron]ne (Bucharest: Editoria Academiei R. P. Rom[icaron]ne, 1960), 2 volumes; Academia R. P. Rom[icaron]ne, Dezvoltarea economica a Rominiei 1944–1964 (Bucharest: Editoria Academiei R. P. Rom[icaron]ne, 1964), pp. 401–69; Academia R. P. Rom[icaron]ne, Industria Rominiei 1944–1964 (Bucharest: Editoria Academiei R. P. Romine, 1964); V. Cucu and A. Roşu, the Physical and Economic Maps of the Socialist Republic of Romania (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1966); C. Daicoviciu, et al, Romania: Geography, History, Economy and Culture (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1966); M. Haşeganu et al, Geografia Economica a R. P. Rom[icaron]ne (Bucharest: Editura ştiinţifica, 1957); M. Haşeganu, et al, Wirtschaftsgeographie der Rumanischen Volksrepublik (Berlin: Verlag der Wirtschaft, 1962); T. Moraru, et al, The Geography of Romania (Bucharest Meridiane, 1966); V. Tufescu, Atlas Geografic R. S. Romania (Bucharest: Editura Didactica şi Pedagogica, 1965).
- 2 See C. C. Giurescu, Istoria Bucureştilor din cele mai veche timpuri pina in zilele noastre (Bucharest: Editura pentru Literatura, 1966), pp. 147–80; Emm. de Martonne, “La Roumanie,”Géographie Universelle (Paris: Librarie Armand Colin), Vol. 4 (1931), pp. 792–810.
- 3 C. N. Jordan, The Romanian oil industry (New York University Press, 1955); Anon., The oil industry in Romania (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1963).
- 4 C. Tuzu, The iron and steel industry in Romania (Bucharest: Meridiane, 1966), pp. 11–20.
- 5 H. Seton Watson, Eastern Europe between the wars 1918–1941 (Cambridge: University Press, 1945), p. 215.
- 6 Administrative problems are discussed by R. A. Helin, “The Volatile Administrative Map of Rumania,”Annals, Association of American Geographers, Vol. 57 (1967), pp. 481–502. Problems in Transylvania are discussed in C. A. McCartney, Hungary and Her Successors: The Treaty of Trianon and its Consequences 1925–1937 (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 251–355.
- 7 M. Horovitz, “Balanţacute; comercial[acaron]şi de pl[acaron]ti a României [icaron]n perioada 1919–1938,”Probleme Economice, Vol. 18 (1965), No. 3, pp. 53 67.
- 8 R. W. Seton Watson, A History of the Roumanians from Roman Times to the Completion of Unity (London: Archon Books, 1963), p. 554.
- 9 Anon., op. cit., footnote 3, pp. 57–61.
- 10 There was a considerable measure of state participation in the economy before 1945; salt and tobacco were state monopolies and government metal-lurgical, munitions, textile, distilling, and printing works existed. The Romanian Railways, C.F.R., were set up as an autonomous public corporation in 1929 but subordinated directly to the Ministry of Communications in 1948.
- 11 United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Romania,”Economic Bulletin for Europe, Vol. 13 (November 1961), p. 79.
- 12 A. A. L. Caesar, “On the Economic Organisation of Eastern Europe,”Geographical Journal, Vol. 121 (1955), pp. 451 69; N. Spulber, “The Danube-Black Sea Canal and Russian control over the Danube,”Economic Geography, Vol. 30 (1954), pp. 236 45.
- 13 It is possible that the nature of Russian policy towards national groups discouraged ideas of federation for economic purposes. The advantages of the facade of national autonomy were considered substantial and even within Romania it is interesting that provision was made for an autonomous region for the Magyars in Transylvania during the administrative reform of 1952; Helin, op. cit., footnote 6, p. 497.
- 14 C. Enyedi, “Agriculture in Eastern Europe,”Geographical Review, Vol. 57 (1957), p. 358.
- 15 G. Ionescu, The Reluctant Ally: a study of communist neocolonialism (London: Ampersand, Ltd., 1965); G. Ionescu, Communism in Rumania, 1944–1962 (London: Oxford University Press, 1964).
- 16 The idea of integration can be interpreted in several ways; in the sense that each country has its own arbitrary internal system of price fixing bearing little relation to either world market prices or to the ultimate cost prices autarky still prevails and it has not proved possible to set up a central COMECON clearing house with price co-ordination. In the sense used here greater specialization was to be introduced to achieve efficiency in production as well as maximum employment of resources and manpower.
- 17 There were strong reactions, for instance, to the view of Professor Valev in 1964 that “the analysis of the actual situation and of the development prospects of the economy in the Danubian countries of Rumania, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union demonstrates the existence of objective premises for the future formation of the inter-state production complex of the lower reaches of the Danube;” M. Kaser, COMECON: Integration Problems of the Planned Economies (London: Royal Institute for International Affairs, 1967), pp. 211–12.
- 18 The Central Committee of the party declared that the division of labor was to be achieved through the coordination of national economic plans based on “a respect for national independence and sovereignty, complete equal rights, comradely mutual aid and reciprocal advantage,”Sc[icaron]ntea, Bucharest, March 9th, 1963.
- 19 “Declaration on the stand of the R.W.P. concerning the problems of the world communist and working class movement endorsed by the enlarged plenum of the R.W.P. Central Committee, April 1964,”Agerpres Supplement, April, 1964. This declaration was considered the most forthright and thoroughly reasoned rejection of Soviet supremacy ever made by an ostensible supporter of the U.S.S.R.” G. Gross, “Romania: the Fruits of Autonomy,”Problems of Communism, Vol. 15 (1966), p. 21.
- 20 The blast furnace productivity index calculated as the number of tons of cast iron produced daily per cubic meter of blast furnace capacity, rose from 0.67 in 1955 to 0.79 in 1959 and 1.17 in 1965.
- 21 In 1965, 29.9 percent of the steel output was high grade carbon steel compared with only eight percent in 1959. Corresponding figures for alloy steel were 7.3 and 3.7.
- 22 Anon., The Machine Building Industry of Romania (Bucharest: Meridiane Publishing House, 1965), 77 pp.
- 23 Anon., op. cit., footnote 3, pp. 45–56.
- 24 United Nations, op. cit., footnote 11, p. 82.
- 25 United Nations, op. cit., footnote 11, p. 72.
- 26 I. Sandru, et al., Contribution géographique à la Classification des Villes de la République Populaire Roumaine,”Annales de Géographie, Vol. 72 (1963), pp. 162 85.
- 27 V. Rusenescu, “Deplasåi Sezoniere ale Populaţiei din Valea Dunarii inter Turnu Severin şi Sulina,”Studii şi cercetăåi de Geologie, Geofizicăşi Geografie, Serie Geografie, Vol. 13 (1966), pp. 71 77.
- 28 G. Iacob, “Contributii la studiul Deplasåilor Sezoniere ale ‘Butinarilor' Maramureşeni,”Probleme de Geographie, Vol. 8 (1960), pp. 527 35.
- 29 V. Tufescu, “L'Accroissement Différentiel de la Population de la République Socialiste de Roumanie,”Revue Roumaine de Géologie, Géophysique et Géographie, Serie de Géographie, Vol. 9 (1965), pp. 207 13.
- 30 See the discussion of models of industrial location by F. E. I. Hamilton, in R. J. Chorley and P. Haggett (Eds.), Models in Geography (London: Methuen, 1967), pp. 361–424.
- 31 M. Biji, “The Development of Rumanian Regions and its Influence on the Political Structure,”Revue Roumaine des Sciences Sociales, Série de Science économique, Vol. 7 (1964), pp. 196 211.
- 32 The “advanced regions” conventionally embrace Banat, Braşov, Bucharest City, Hunedoara, and Ploieşti regions but this can be misleading since these regions did not exist before 1950 and although the main industrial concentrations lay within them levels of urbanization were still quite low overall. Certain towns in Northern Transylvania, Baia Mare and Cluj, for example, had also developed some industry although lying outside the “advanced regions;”G. W. Hoffman, “The Problem of the Underdeveloped Regions in Southeast Europe: a comparative analysis of Romania, Yugoslavia and Greece,”Annals, Association of American Geographers, Vol. 57 (1967), pp. 637 66; Sandru, et al., op. cit., footnote 26, p. 167.
- 33 Tufescu, op. cit., footnote 29, p. 212.
- 34 C. Herbst, et al., Types de Concentration Territoriale de la Republique Populaire Roumaine,”Revue Roumaine de Géologie, Géophysique et Géographie, Série de Géographie, Vol. 8 (1964), pp. 39 43.
- 35 P. Deică, “Complexul teritorial de productie Galaţi-Brăila,”Studii şi cercetăr;i de Geologie, Geofizica si Geografie: Seria Geografie, Vol. 12 (1965), pp. 307 13;P. Deică and V. Karteva, “Geografia reşidenţinelor raionale din România,”Studii şi cercetăr;i Geologie, Geofizica si Geografie: Serie Geografie, Vol. 14 (1967), pp. 41 49; A. Herbst-Radoi, “Quelques Aspects Géographiques du Developpement des Villes de la Dobrogea,”Revue Roumaine de Géologie, Géophysique et Géographie: Série de Géographic, Vol. 9 (1965), pp. 215 24.
- 36 V. Mihăilescu, et al., Territorial Distribution of Towns by Functional Types in Rumania,”Revue Roumaine de Géologie, Géophysique et Géographie: Série de Géographie, Vol. 9 (1965), pp. 93 100.
- 37 Hoffman, op. cit., footnote 32, p. 647.
- 38 N. Ceauşescu, “Exposition on the Improvement of the Administrative Organization of the Territory and its problems than many other east European parties,” according to D. Floyd, Rumania: Russia's Dissident Ally (London: Pall Mall Press, 1965), p. 52.
- 39 The Romanian Communist Party is “much more closely in touch with the development of industry of the Socialist Republic of Romania,”Agerpres Supplement, February 17th, 1968.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers
Volume 60, 1970 - Issue 3