745
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles: Nature and Society

Disturbance Pharmacopoeias: Medicine and Myth from the Humid Tropics

Pages 868-888 | Received 01 Aug 2003, Accepted 01 Mar 2004, Published online: 29 Feb 2008

References

  • Abbot , I. A. and Shimazu , C. 1985 . The geographic origin of the plants most commonly used for medicine by Hawaiians . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 14 : 213 – 22 .
  • Abe , T. and Higashi , M. 1991 . Cellulose centered perspective on terrestrial community structure . Oikos , 60 : 127 – 33 .
  • Acosta , José de. 1970 . The natural & moral history of the Indies , New York : Burt Franklin . [1604] (Trans. E. Grimston). Vol. 61 (2). The Hakluyt Society.
  • Adger , W. N. , Brown , K. , Cervigini , R. and Moran , D. 1995 . Total economic value of forests in Mexico . Ambio , 24 : 286 – 96 .
  • Alcorn , J. B. 1984 . Huastec Mayan ethnobotany , Austin : University of Texas Press .
  • Allemão , Francisco Freire. 1856 . Quaes são as principaes plantas que hoje se acham aclimatadas no Brasil? (What are the main plants found today that are acclimated to Brazil?) . Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro , XIX : 539 – 78 .
  • Almeida , Luis F. de . 1975 . Aclimatação de plantas do oriente no Brasil durante os séculos XVII e XVIII (Acclimation of plants from the east in Brazil during the XVII and XVIII centuries.) . Revista Portuguesa da História , 15 : 339 – 481 .
  • Anderson Anthony. 1983 The biology of Orbignya martiana (Palmae), a tropical dry forest dominant in Brazil. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Anderson , E. 1987 . Why is humoral medicine so popular? . Social Science & Medicine , 25 : 331 – 37 .
  • Ankli , A. , Sticher , O. and Heinrich , M. 1999 . Medical ethnobotany of the Yucatec Maya: Healers consensus as a quantitative criterion . Economic Botany , 53 : 144 – 60 .
  • Anon. 1993 . New in the botanical book of records: Highest tree diversity in the world . Field Notes from the New York Botanical Garden , 2 : 1 – 2 .
  • Anyinam , C. 1995 . Ecology and ethnomedicine: Exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices . Social Science & Medicine , 40 : 321 – 29 .
  • Artuso , A. 2002 . Bioprospecting, benefit sharing, and biotechnological capacity building . World Development , 30 : 1355 – 68 .
  • Bailey , Robert C. , Head , G. , Jenike , M. , Owen , B. , Rechtman , R. and Zechenter , E. 1989 . Hunting and gathering in tropical rain forest: Is it possible? . American Anthropologist , 91 : 59 – 82 .
  • Baker , Herbert G. 1965 . “ Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds ” . In The genetics of colonizing species , Edited by: Baker , H. G. and Stebbins , G. L. 147 – 72 . New York : Academic .
  • Balasingh , J. , Thiruchelthil , P. , Jerlin , B. , Samuel , A. and Muthukumar , A. 2000 . Medicinal flora of a tropical scrub jungle . Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany , 24 : 737 – 45 .
  • Balée , William. 1994 . Footprints of the forest: Ka'apor ethnobotany—The historical ecology of plant utilization by an Amazonian people , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Balée , William. 1999 . “ Mode of production and ethnobotanical vocabulary: A controlled comparison of Guajá and Ka'apor ” . In Ethnoecology: Knowledge, resources, and rights , Edited by: Gragson , T. L. and Blount , B. G. 24 – 40 . Athens : University of Georgia Press .
  • Balick , Michael J. 1990 . “ Ethnobotany and the identification of therapeutic agents from the rainforest ” . In Bioactive compounds from plants , Edited by: Chadwick , D. J. and Marsh , J. 21 – 31 . Chichester, , U.K. : Wiley .
  • Balick , Michael J. and Cox , Paul A. 1994 . The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery . Scientific American , 270 : 82 – 7 .
  • Balick , Michael J. and Cox , Paul A. 1996 . Plants, people, and culture: The science of ethnobotany , New York : Scientific Publications .
  • Balick , Michael J. , Elisabetsky , E. and Laird , S. , eds. 1996 . Medicinal resources of the tropical rainforest: Biodiversity and its importance to human health , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Bannister , K. and Barrett , K. 2001 . Changing the status quo in ethnobotany . Cultural Survival Quarterly , 24 : 10 – 13 .
  • Bedoya , L. , Sanchez-Palomino , S. , Abad , M. , Bermejo , P. and Alcami , J. 2001 . Anti-HIV activity of medicinal plant extracts . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 77 : 113 – 6 .
  • Begossi , A. , Hanazaki , N. and Tamashiro , J. 2002 . Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil): Knowledge, use, and conservation . Human Ecology , 30 : 281 – 99 .
  • Bennett , B. C. 1992 . Plants and people of the Amazonian rainforests . BioScience , 42 : 599 – 607 .
  • Bennett , B. C. and Prance , G. 2000 . Introduced plants in the indigenous pharmacopoeias of northern South America . Economic Botany , 54 : 90 – 102 .
  • Benz , F. F. , Cevallos , E. , Santana , M. F. , Rosales , A. and Graf , M. 2000 . Losing knowledge about plant use in the Sierra de Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Mexico . Economic Botany , 54 : 183 – 91 .
  • Berlin , Brent. 1992 . Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Berlin , Brent, E. A. , Ugalde , Berlin, J. , Barrios , L. G. , Puett , D. , Nash , R. and González-Espinoza , R. 1999 . The Maya ICBG: Drug discovery, medical ethnobotany, and alternative forms of economic development in the highland Maya region in Chiapas, Mexico . Pharmaceutical Biology , 37 : 127 – 44 .
  • Black , R. L. 1980 . “ Modern isolated pre-agricultural populations as a source of information on prehistoric patterns ” . In Changing disease patterns and human behaviour , Edited by: Stanley , N. F. and Joske , R. A. 37 – 54 . London : Academic .
  • Brosius , J. Peter. 1991 . Foraging in tropical rain forests: The case of the Penan of Sarawak, East Malaysia . Human Ecology , 19 : 123 – 50 .
  • Brosius , J. Peter. 1997 . Endangered forest, endangered people: Environmental representations of indigenous knowledge . Human Ecology , 25 : 47 – 69 .
  • Brown , Cecil H. 1985 . Mode of subsistence and folk biological taxonomy . Current Anthropology , 26 : 43 – 53 .
  • Bulmer , R. 1985 . Comments . Current Anthropology , 26 : 54 – 55 .
  • Caniago , I. and Siebert , S. F. 1998 . Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia . Economic Botany , 52 : 229 – 50 .
  • Cardim , F. 1939 . Tratados da terra e gente do Brasil , São Paulo : np . [1584] (Treatise on the land and people of Brazil).
  • Carney , Judith and Voeks , Robert . 2003 . Landscape legacies of the African diaspora . Progress in Human Geography , 27 : 68 – 81 .
  • Castree , N. 2003 . Bioprospecting: From theory to practice (and back again) . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 28 : 35 – 55 .
  • Chazdon , Robin and Coe , F. G. 1999 . Ethnobotany of woody species in second-growth, old-growth, and selectively logged forests of northeastern Costa Rica . Conservation Biology , 13 : 1312 – 22 .
  • Clayton , N. 2003 . Weeds, people, and contested places . Environment and History , 9 : 301 – 31 .
  • Cleary , D. 2001 . Towards an environmental history of the Amazon: From prehistory to the nineteenth century . Latin American Research Review , 36 : 65 – 96 .
  • Coley , Phyllis D. and Aide , T. M. 1991 . “ Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests ” . In Plant-animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions , Edited by: Price , P. W. , Lewinsohn , T. M. , Fernandes , G. W. and Benson , W. W. 25 – 49 . New York : Wiley .
  • Coley , Phyllis D. and Barone , J. A. 1996 . Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 27 : 305 – 35 .
  • Coley , Phyllis D. , Bryant , J. P. and Chapin , F. S. 1985 . Resource availability and plant anti-herbivore defense . Science , 230 : 895 – 99 .
  • Coley , Phyllis D. , Heller , M. , Aizprua , R. , Araúz , B. , Flores , N. , Correa , M. , Gupta , M. , Solis , P. , Ortega-Barría , E. , Romero , L. , Gómez , B. , Ramos , M. , Cubilla-Rios , L. , Capson , T. and Kursar , T. 2003 . Using ecological criteria to design plant collection strategies for drug discovery . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 1 : 421 – 28 .
  • Cormier , Loretta A. 2003 . Kinship with monkeys: The Guajá foragers of Eastern Amazonia , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Cox , Paul A. 1999 . Nafanua: Saving the Samoan rain forest , New York : W. H. Freeman .
  • Cox , Paul A. 2000 . Will tribal knowledge survive the millennium? . Science , 287 : 44 – 45 .
  • Cox , Paul A. , Sperry , L. R. , Tuominen , M. and Bohlin , L. 1989 . Pharmacological activity of the Samoan ethnopharmacopoeia . Economic Botany , 43 : 487 – 97 .
  • Cronk , Q. and Fuller , J. 2001 . Plant invaders: The threat to natural ecosystems , London : Earthscan .
  • Crosby , Alfred W. 1993 . Ecological imperialism: The biological expansion of Europe, 900–1900 , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Crosby , Alfred W. 1994 . Germs, seeds, and animals: Studies in ecological history , Armonk, NY : Sharpe .
  • Dalby , Andrew. 2000 . Dangerous tastes: The story of spices , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
  • Davis, E , Wade and Yost , J. A. 1983 . The ethnomedicine of the Waorani of Amazonian Ecuador . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 9 : 273 – 97 .
  • de an , Warren. 1995 . With broadax and firebrand: The destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic forest , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • de nevan , William M. 1992 . The pristine myth: The landscape of the Americas in 1492 . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 82 : 369 – 85 .
  • de nevan , William M. 2002 . Cultivated landscapes of native Amazonia and the Andes , Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • Diamond , Jared. 1997 . Guns, germs, and steel: The fate of human societies , New York : W. W. Norton .
  • Downum , K. , Lee , D. , Hallé , F. , Quirke , M. and Towers , N. 2001 . Plant secondary compounds in the canopy and understory of a tropical rain forest in Gabon . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 17 : 477 – 81 .
  • Dufault , R. , Hassell , R. , Rushing , J. , McCutcheon , G. , Shepard , M. and Keinath , A. 2000 . Revival of herbalism and its roots in medicine . Journal of Agromedicine , 7 : 21 – 29 .
  • Early , J. and Headland , T. 1998 . Population dynamics of a Philippine rain forest people: The San lldefonso Agta , Gainesville : University of Florida Press .
  • Ellen , Roy F. 1998 . “ Indigenous knowledge of the rainforest: Perception, extraction, and conservation ” . In Human activities and the tropical rainforest: Past, present, and possible future , Edited by: Maloney , B. 87 – 99 . Dordrech : Kluwer .
  • Ellen , Roy F. 1999 . “ Modes of subsistence and ethnobotanical knowledge: Between extraction and cultivation in Southeast Asia ” . In Folkbiology , Edited by: Medin , D. L. and Atran , S. 91 – 117 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Erickson , Clark L. 2000 . An artificial landscape-scale fishery in the Bolivian Amazon . Nature , 408 : 190 – 93 .
  • Etkin , Nina and Ross , P. 1991 . Should we set a place for diet in ethnopharmacology? . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 32 : 25 – 36 .
  • Farnsworth , Norman. 1988 . “ Screening plants for new medicines ” . In Biodiversity , Edited by: Wilson , E. O. 83 – 97 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
  • Feeny , P. 1976 . Plant apparency and chemical defense . Recent Advances in Phytochemistry , 10 : 1 – 40 .
  • Frampton , John. 1580 . Joyfull newes out of the new found world , London : William Norton . (Translation of N. Monardes).
  • Frei , B. , Sticher , O. and Heinrich , M. 2000 . Zapotec and Mixe use of tropical habitats for securing medicinal plants in Mexico . Economic Botany , 54 : 73 – 81 .
  • Frei Vicente do , Salvador. 1931 . Historia do Brasil , São Paulo : Melhoramentos . [1627] 1500–1627.
  • Galeano , G. 2000 . Forest use at the Pacific Coast of Chocó, Colombia: A quantitative approach . Economic Botany , 54 : 358 – 76 .
  • Garcia da Orta. 1891 Coloquis dos simples, drogas e coisas medicinais da India (Conversations on Indian simples, drugs, and medicinal items), ed. Conde de Ficalho. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. [1563]
  • Gentry , Alwyn H. 1993 . “ Tropical forest biodiversity and the potential for new medicinal plants ” . In Human medicinal agents from plants , Edited by: Kinghorn , A. D. and Balandrin , M. F. 13 – 24 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Glacken , Clarence. 1967 . Traces on the Rhodian shore: Nature and culture in western thought from ancient times to the end of the eighteenth century , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Gómez-Pompa , Arturo, J. , Flores , Salvador and Sosa , V. 1987 . The “pet kot”: A man-made forest of the Maya . Interciencia , 12 : 10 – 15 .
  • Gómez-Pompa , Arturo and Kaus , A. 1992 . Taming the wilderness myth . BioScience , 42 : 271 – 79 .
  • Grauds , C. 1997 . Jungle medicine . Pharmacy Times , 63 : 44 – 48 .
  • Grove , Richard H. 1996 . Green imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens and the origins of environmentalism, 1600–1860 , Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Guariguata , M. R. and Ostertag , R. 2001 . Neotropical secondary forest succession: Changes in structural and functional characteristics . Forest Ecology and Management , 148 : 185 – 206 .
  • Harris , David R. 1996 . “ Domesticatory relationships of people, plants and animals ” . In Redefining nature: Ecology, culture and domestication , Edited by: Ellen , R. and Fukui , K. 437 – 63 . Oxford, , U.K. : Berg .
  • Hazlett , D. L. and Sawyer , N. W. 1998 . Distribution of alkaloid-rich plant species in shortgrass steppe vegetation . Conservation Biology , 12 : 1260 – 68 .
  • Headland , Thomas N. 1985 . Comments . Current Anthropology , 26 : 57 – 58 .
  • Headland , Thomas N. 1987 . The wild yam question: How well could independent hunter-gatherers live in a tropical rain forest ecosystem? . Human Ecology , 15 : 463 – 91 .
  • Heckenberger , Michael , Kuikuro , A. , Kuikuro , U. T. , Russell , C. , Schmidt , M. , Fausto , C. and Franchetto , B. 2003 . Amazonia 1492: Pristine forest or cultural parkland? . Science , 301 : 1710 – 14 .
  • Hegarty , M. P. , Hegarty , E. E. and Gentry , A. H. 1991 . “ Secondary compounds in vines with emphasis on those with defensive functions ” . In The biology of vines , Edited by: Putz , F. E. and Mooney , H. A. 287 – 310 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Heilmann , J. and Bauer , R. 1999 . “ New medical applications of plant secondary metabilites ” . In Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology , Edited by: Wink , M. 274 – 310 . Sheffield, , U.K. : Academic Press .
  • Heinrich , M. and Barerra , N. A. 1993 . Medicinal plants in a lowland Mixe Indian Community (Oaxaca, Mexico): Management of important resources . Angewandte Botanik , 67 : 141 – 44 .
  • Hemming , John. 1978 . Red gold: The conquest of the Brazilian Indians, 1500–1760 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Henkel A. 1904 Weeds used in medicine. USDA Farmers Bulletin No. 188, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Hoffman , Carl. 1986 . The Punan: Hunters and gatherers of Borneo , Ames : Iowa State University Press .
  • Holm , L. G. , Plucknett , D. L. , Pancho , J. V. and Herberger , J. P. 1977 . The world's worst weeds: Distribution and biology , Honolulu : University Press of Hawaii .
  • Jarosz , Lucy. 1992 . Constructing the dark continent: Metaphor as geographic representation in Africa . Geografiska Annaler , 74 : 105 – 15 .
  • Johns , Timothy. 1996 . The origins of human diet and medicine , Tucson : University of Arizona Press .
  • Jouanna , J. 1998 . “ The birth of Western medical art ” . In Western medical thoughts from antiquity to the Middle Ages , Edited by: Grmek , M. 22 – 71 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Joyce , Christopher. 1994 . Earthly goods: Medicine hunting in the rainforest , Boston : Little, Brown, and Co .
  • Jungerius , P. D. 1998 . Indigenous knowledge of landscape-ecological zones among traditional herbalists: A case study in Keiyo District, Kenya . GeoJournal , 44 : 51 – 60 .
  • Kell , B. 2001 . From the shamen to the clinic: The role of ethnobotany in antiviral research . International Antiviral News , 9 : 123 – 24 .
  • Kent , S. and Dunn , D. 1996 . Anemia and the transition of nomadic hunter-gatherers to a sedentary life-style: Follow-up study of a Kalahari community . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 99 : 455 – 72 .
  • Kohn , E. O. 1993 . Some observations on the use of medicinal plants from primary and secondary growth by the Runa of eastern lowland Ecuador . Journal of Ethnobiology , 12 : 141 – 52 .
  • Kunstadter , Peter. 1978 . “ Ecological modification and adaptation: An ethnobotanical view of Lua' swiddeners in northwestern Thailand ” . In The nature and status of ethnobotany , Edited by: Ford , R. I. 168 – 200 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology .
  • Lapa , José Roberto do Amaral. 1966 . O Brasil e as drogas do oriente (Brazil and the eastern drugs) . Studia , 18 : 7 – 40 .
  • Leaman , D. and Schippmann , U. 1998 . Medicinal plants: An unhealthy outlook . World Conservation , 29 : 16 – 17 .
  • Lebbie , A. and Guries , R. 1995 . Ethnobotanical value and conservation of sacred groves of the Kpaa Mende in Sierra Leone . Economic Botany , 49 : 297 – 308 .
  • Lee , A. 1996 . The transition of Australian aboriginal diet and nutritional health . World Review of Nutrition and Diet , 79 : 1 – 52 .
  • Leite , Serafim. 2000 . História da companhia de Jesus no Brasil , Vol. 5 , Belo Horizonte : Editora Itatiaia . [1945] (History of the Jesuits in Brazil).
  • Lentz , David L. , ed. 2000 . Imperfect balance: Landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Leonti , M. , Sticher , O. and Heinrich , M. 2003 . Antiquity of medicinal plant usage in two Macro-Mayan ethnic groups (Mexico) . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 88 : 119 – 24 .
  • Levin , Donald A. 1976 . Alkaloid-bearing plants: An ecogeographic perspective . The American Naturalist , 110 : 261 – 84 .
  • Lewis , W. H. 2003 . Pharmaceutical discoveries based on ethnomedicinal plants: 1985 to 2000 and beyond . Economic Botany , 57 : 126 – 34 .
  • Lizarralde , M. 2001 . “ Biodiversity and loss of indigenous languages and knowledge in South America ” . In On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge and the environment , Edited by: Maffi , L. 265 – 81 . Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institute Press .
  • Logan , M. H. and Dixon , A. R. 1994 . “ Agriculture and the acquisition of medicinal plant knowledge ” . In Eating on the wild side: The pharmacologic, ecologic, and social implications of using noncultigens , Edited by: Etkin , N. L. 25 – 45 . Tucson : University of Arizona Press .
  • Lovell , W. George. 1992 . Heavy shadows and black night: Disease and depopulation in colonial Spanish America . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 82 : 426 – 43 .
  • Mander , M. 1998 . Marketing of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa: A case study in Kwazulu-Natal , Rome : FAO .
  • Mann , John. 2000 . Murder, magic and medicine , Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • Manniche , Lise. 1989 . An ancient Egyptian herbal , Austin : University of Texas Press .
  • Marques , V. R. B. 1999 . Natureza em boiões: Medicinais e boticários no Brasil setecentista , Campinas, , Brazil : Unicamp . (Nature in Jars: Medicines and Pharmacies of 18th century Brazil).
  • Mascie-Taylor , C. 1993 . “ The biological anthropology of disease ” . In The anthropology of disease , Edited by: Mascie-Taylor , C. 1 – 72 . Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • McAfee , Kathleen. 1999 . Selling nature to save it? Biodiversity and green development . Society & Space , 17 : 133 – 54 .
  • Meggers , Betty and Miller , E. T. 2003 . “ Hunter-gatherers in Amazonia during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition ” . In Under the canopy: The archaeology of tropical rain forests , Edited by: Mercader , J. 291 – 316 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
  • Mendelsohn , Robert and Balick , Michael . 1995 . The value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals in tropical forests . Economic Botany , 49 : 223 – 28 .
  • Mendelsohn , Robert and Balick , Michael . 1997 . Valuing undiscovered pharmaceuticals in tropical forests . Economic Botany , 51 : 328
  • Mercader , J. 2003 . “ Introduction: The paleolithic settlement of rain forests ” . In Under the canopy: The archaeology of tropical rain forests , Edited by: Mercader , J. 1 – 31 . New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
  • Miller , J. I. 1969 . The spice trade of the Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641 , Oxford, , U.K. : Clarendon .
  • Miller , M. 1999 . The epidemiology of triglyceride as a coronary artery disease factor . Clinical Cardiology , 22 (Suppl) : 1 – 6 .
  • Milliken , W. , Miller , R. P. , Pollard , S. R. and Wandelli , E. V. 1992 . The ethnobotany of the Waimiri Atroari Indians of Brazil , Kew, , U.K. : Royal Botanical Gardens .
  • Milton , K. 2000 . Hunter-gatherer diets—A different perspective . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 71 : 665 – 67 .
  • Myers , Norman. 1984 . The primary source: Tropical forests and our future , New York : W. W. Morton .
  • Myers , Norman. 1997 . “ Biodiversity's genetic library ” . In Nature's Services , Edited by: Daily , G. C. 255 – 73 . Washington, DC : Island Press .
  • Nieto , Olarte, M. 2000 . Remedios para el imperio: Historia natural y la apropiación del nuevo mundo , Bogata : La Imprensa Nacional de Colombia . (Medicine for the empire: Natural history and exploitation of the New World).
  • Nóbrega Padre Manuel da. 1886 Cartas do Brasil do Padre Manuel da Nóbrega (1549–1560). Materiais e ach ê gas para a hist ó ria e geografia do Brasil (Materials and supplements to the history and geography of Brazil), No.1. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
  • Nuland , Sherwin. W. 2000 . The mysteries within: A surgeon reflects on medical myths , New York : Simon and Schuster .
  • Ogle , B. M. , Tuyet , H. T. , Duyet , H. N. and Dung , N. 2003 . Food, feed or medicine: The multiple functions of edible wild plants in Vietnam . Economic Botany , 57 : 103 – 17 .
  • On , T. V. , Quyen , D. , Bich , L. D. , Jones , B. , Wunder , J. and Russell-Smith , J. 2001 . A survey of medicinal plants in BaVi National Park, Vietnam: Methodology and implications for conservation and sustainable use . Biological Conservation , 97 : 295 – 304 .
  • Pandey , A. and Bisaria , A. 1998 . Rational utilization of important medicinal plants: A tool for conservation . The Indian Forester , 124 : 197 – 202 .
  • Parry , J. W. 1953 . The story of spices , New York : Chemical Publishing .
  • Parsons , James J. 1970 . The “Africanization” of the New World tropical grasslands . Tübinger Geographische Studien , 34 : 141 – 53 .
  • Paz y Mino , C. , Balslev , H. and Valencia , R. 1995 . Useful lianas of the Siona-Secoya Indians from Amazonian Ecuador . Economic Botany , 49 : 269 – 75 .
  • Phillips , O. and Gentry , A. H. 1993 . The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: II. Additional hypothesis testing in quantitative ethnobotany . Economic Botany , 47 : 33 – 43 .
  • Pina , Luis de. 1946 . Flora e fauna Brasílicas nos antigos livros médicos portugueses (Brazilian flora and fauna in old Portuguese medical books) . Brasília , 3 : 149 – 340 .
  • Piperno , Delores and Pearsall , Deborah . 1998 . The origins of agriculture in the lowland neotropics , San Diego, CA : Academic .
  • Piso Guilherme. 1957 (Translation by Mario Lobo Leal) Hist ó ria natural e m é dica da Í ndia Occidental (Natural and medical history of the West Indies). São Paulo: Editora Nacional. [1648]
  • Pitman , N. and Jorgensen , P. 2002 . Estimating the size of the world's threatened flora . Science , 298 : 989
  • Plotkin , Mark. 1993 . Tales of a shaman's apprentice: An ethnobotanist searches for new medicines in the Amazon rainforest , New York : Viking .
  • Plotkin , Mark. 2000 . Medicine quest: In search of nature's healing secrets , New York : Viking .
  • Posey , Darrell. 1984 . A preliminary report on diversified management of tropical forests by Kyapó Indians of the Brazilian Amazon . Advances in Economic Botany , 1 : 112 – 26 .
  • Principe , P. P. 1991 . “ Valuing the biodiversity of medicinal plants ” . In Conservation of medicinal plants , Edited by: Akerele , O. , Heywood , V. and Synge , H. 79 – 124 . Cambridge, , U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
  • Principe , P. P. 1996 . “ Monetizing the pharmacological benefits of plants ” . In Medicinal resources of the tropical forest: Biodiversity and its importance to human health , Edited by: Balick , M. J. , Elisabetsky , E. and Laird , S. 191 – 218 . New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Pui , C. and Evans , W. 1998 . Acute lymphoblastic leukemia . New England Journal of Medicine , 339 : 605 – 15 .
  • Puri , Raj K. 1997 . “ Penan Benalui knowledge and use of tree palms ” . In People and plants of Kayan Mentarang , 195 – 226 . Jakarta : WWF Indonesia/UNESCO .
  • Puri , Raj K. Forthcoming . “ Post-abandonment ecology of Penan forest camps: Anthropological and ethnobotanical approaches to the history of a rainforested valley in East Kalimantan ” . In Biodiversity and society in Southeast Asia , Edited by: Dove , M. R. , Sajise , P. and Doolittle , A. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • Raffles , Hugh. 2002 . In Amazonia: A natural history , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Rambo , A. T. 1985 . Primitive polluters: Semang impact on the Malaysian tropical rain forest ecosystem , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology 76
  • Rhoades , D. and Cates. , R. 1976 . “ Toward a general theory of plant antiherbivore chemistry ” . In Biochemical interactions between plants and insects , Edited by: Wallace , J. W. and Mansell , R. L. 168 – 213 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Rival , Laura M. 2002 . Trekking through history: The Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Roosevelt , Anna M. , Lima da Costa , C. , Machado , Lopes , Michab , M. , Mercier , N. , Valladas , H. , Feathers , J. , Barnett , W. , Imazio da Silveira , M. , Henderson , A. , Sliva , J. , Chernoff , B. , Reese , D. , Holman , J. , Toth , N. and Schick , K. 1996 . Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon: The peopling of the Americas . Science , 272 : 373 – 84 .
  • Rosenthal , J. P. 1999 . Combining high risk science with ambitious social and economic goals . Pharmaceutical Biology , 37 : 6 – 21 . (22 authors).
  • Rousseau , Jerome. 1990 . Central Borneo: Ethnic identity and social life in a stratified society , Oxford, , U.K. : Clarendon Press .
  • Sauer , Carl O. 1963 . “ Man in the ecology of tropical America ” . In Land and life: A selection from the writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer , Edited by: Leighly , John . 182 – 93 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Schultes , Richard E. and Raffauf , Robert F. 1990 . The healing forest: Medicinal and toxic plants of the Northwest Amazonia , Portland, OR : Dioscorides Press .
  • Shaw , Elizabeth. 1992 . Plants of the New World: The first 150 years , Cambridge, MA : Harvard College Library .
  • Sheil , D. and Burslem , D. 2003 . Disturbing hypotheses in tropical forests . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 18 : 18 – 26 .
  • Simoons , Frederick J. 1998 . Plants of life: Plants of death , Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Smith , Nigel. 1980 . Anthrosols and human carrying capacity in Amazonia . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 70 : 553 – 66 .
  • Smith , P. and Smith , R. 1999 . Diets in transition: Hunter-gatherers to station diet to the self-select store diet . Human Ecology , 27 : 115 – 34 .
  • Soares F. 1966 Coisas not á veis do Brasil. (Noteworthy things from Brazil), Vol. 1 (prepared by A. G. Cunha). Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro. [1594?]
  • Soejarto , D. D. and Farnsworth , N. R. 1989 . Tropical rain forests: Potential source of new drugs? . Perspectives in Biology and Medicine , 32 : 244 – 56 .
  • Sousa Gabriel S. de 1971 Tratado descritivo do Brasil em 1587 (Treatise on Brazil in 1587). 4th edition. São Paulo: Editora Nacional. [1587]
  • Souza Custódio Dias de. 1787 Letter. Brazilian National Library Archives (Rio): ms, I-32, 34, 046. 24 October
  • Stannard , Jerry. 1972 . Greco-Roman materia medica in medieval Germany . Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 46 : 455 – 68 .
  • Stannard , Jerry. 1999 . “ Dioscorides and renaissance materia medica ” . In Herbs and herbalism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance , Edited by: Stannard , K. and Kay , R. 1 – 21 . Brookfield, VT : Ashgate .
  • Steinberg , Michael. 2002 . The second conquest: Religious conversion and the erosion of the cultural ecological core among the Mopan Maya . Journal of Cultural Geography , 20 : 91 – 105 .
  • Stepp , J. R. and Moerman , D. E. 2001 . The importance of weeds in ethnopharmacology . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 75 : 19 – 23 .
  • Stewart , K. M. 2003 . The African cherry (Prunus africana): Can lessons be learned from an over-exploited medicinal tree? . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 89 : 3 – 13 .
  • Sumner , Judith. 2000 . The natural history of medicinal plants , Portland, OR : Timber Press .
  • Taussig , Michael. 1987 . Shamanism, colonialism, and the wild man: A study in terror and healing , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Telban , B. 1988 . The role of medical ethnobotany in ethnomedicine: A New Guinea example . Journal of Ethnobiology , 8 : 149 – 69 .
  • Thompson , R. Campbell. 1908 . Semitic magic: Its origins and development , London : Luzac .
  • Toledo , V. M. , Batis , A. I. , Becerra , R. , Esteban , M. and Ramos , C. H. 1992 . “ Products from the tropical rain forests of Mexico: An ethnoecological approach ” . In Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products , Edited by: Plotkin , M. and Famolare , L. 99 – 109 . Washington, DC : Island Press .
  • Ugent , Donald. 2000 . Medicine, myths and magic: The folk healers of a Mexican market . Economic Botany , 54 : 427 – 38 .
  • Varnhagen , F. A. de . 1843 . Martim Affonso de Souza . Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro , 5 : 248 – 56 .
  • Veith , Ilza. 2002 . Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wên: The yellow emperor's classic of internal medicine , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Voeks , Robert A. 1995 . Candomblé ethnobotany: African medicinal plant classification in Brazil . Journal of Ethnobiology , 15 : 257 – 80 .
  • Voeks , Robert A. 1996a . “ Extraction and tropical rain forest conservation in eastern Brazil ” . In Tropical rainforest research–current issues , Edited by: Edwards , D. , Booth , W. and Choy , S. 477 – 87 . Netherlands : Kluwer .
  • Voeks , Robert A. 1996b . Tropical forest healers and habitat preference . Economic Botany , 50 : 354 – 73 .
  • Voeks , Robert A. 1997 . Sacred leaves of Candomblé: African magic, medicine, and religion in Brazil , Austin : University of Texas Press .
  • Voeks , Robert A. 1998 . “ Environmental risk and ethnobotanical knowledge: Foragers and farmers in northern Borneo ” . In Nature's geography: New lessons for conservation in developing countries , Edited by: Zimmerer , K. and Young , K. 307 – 26 . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Voeks , Robert A. 2002 . Reproductive ecology of the piassava palm (Attalea funifera Mart.) of Bahia, Brazil . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 18 : 121 – 36 .
  • Voeks , Robert A. Forthcoming . “ Subsistence strategy and breadth of ethnobotanical knowledge ” . In Borneo's hunter-gatherers in the 21st century: Peering from the shadows , Edited by: Sercombe , P. and Sellato , B. Copenhagen : Nordic Institute of Asian Studies .
  • Voeks Robert A., Leony. Angela Forthcoming. Forgetting the forest: Assessing medicinal plant erosion in eastern Brazil. Economic Botany
  • Voeks , Robert A. and Nyawa , Samhan . 2001 . Healing flora of the Brunei Dusun . Borneo Research Bulletin , 32 : 178 – 95 .
  • Voeks , Robert A. and Sercombe , Peter . 2000 . The scope of hunter-gatherer ethnomedicine . Social Science & Medicine , 50 : 1 – 12 .
  • Waguespack , N. 2002 . Colonization of the Americas: Disease ecology and the Paleoindian lifestyle . Human Ecology , 30 : 227 – 43 .
  • Walsh , V. and Goodman , J. 1999 . Cancer chemotherapy, biodiversity, public and private property: The case of the anti-cancer drug taxol . Social Science & Medicine , 49 : 1215 – 25 .
  • Waterman , P. G. and McKey , D. 1989 . “ Herbivory and secondary compounds in rain-forest ” . In Ecosystems of the world: Tropical rain forest ecosystems , Edited by: Lieth , H. and Werger , M. J. A. 513 – 36 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Whitmore , Timothy C. 1998 . An introduction to tropical rain forests , 2nd ed , Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • Whitmore , Thomas M. and Turner , B. L. II . 2001 . Cultivated landscapes of Middle America on the eve of conquest , Oxford, , U.K. : Oxford University Press .
  • Wink , Michael. 1998 . “ A short history of alkaloids ” . In Alkaloids: Biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications , Edited by: Roberts , M. and Wink , M. 11 – 44 . New York : Plenum .
  • Wink , Michael and Schimmer , O. 1999 . “ Modes of action of defensive secondary metabolites ” . In Functions of plant secondary metabolites and their exploitation in biotechnology , Edited by: Wink , M. 17 – 133 . Sheffield, , U.K. : Academic Press .
  • Woods , W. and McCann , J. 1999 . The anthropogenic origin and persistence of Amazonian dark earths . Yearbook, Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers , 25 : 7 – 14 .
  • Xavier , Carlos. 1977 . Plantas indiáticas no Brasil (East Indian plants in Brazil) . Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro , 314 : 45 – 50 .
  • Zimmerer , Karl S. 2002 . Report on geography and the new ethnobiology . Geographical Review , 91 : 725 – 34 .
  • Zimmerer , Karl S. and Young , Ken . 1998 . Nature's geography: New lessons for conservation in developing countries , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Zulueta , J. 1956 . Malaria in Sarawak and Brunei . Bulletin, World Health Organization , 15 : 651 – 71 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.