124
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Cooling rates, sky view factors and the development of intra‐urban air temperature differences

, &
Pages 237-248 | Received 01 Nov 2006, Accepted 01 Jun 2007, Published online: 15 Nov 2016

References

  • Arnfield, A.J., 1990: Canyon geometry, the urban fabric and nocturnal cooling ‐ a simulation approach. Physical Geography, 11:220–239.
  • Barring, L., Mattsson, J. and Lindqvist, S., 1985: Canyon geometry, street temperatures and urban heat island in Malmö, Sweden. Journal of Climatology, 5: 433–444.
  • Chandler, T.J., 1965: The climate of London. London. Hutchinson 292 p.
  • Christen, A. and Vogt, R., 2004: Energy and radiation balance of a central European city. International Journal of Climatology, 24: 1395–1421.
  • Eliasson, I, 199091: Urban, geometry, surface temperature and air temperature. Energy and Buildings, 15–16: 141–145.
  • Eliasson, I, 1992: Infrared thermography and urban temperature patterns. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 13: 869–879.
  • Eliasson, I., 1994: Urban‐suburban air temperature differences related to street geometry. Physical Geography, 15: 1–22.
  • Eliasson, I. and Holmer, B., 1990: Urban heats island circulation in Göteborg, Sweden. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 42: 187–196.
  • Fuggle, R.F. and Oke, T.R., 1976: Long‐wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphere. I: Above roof–level. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 10: 113–120.
  • Godowitch, J.M., Ching, J.K.S. and Clarke, J.F., 1985: Evolution of the nocturnal inversion layer at an urban and nonurban location. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 24: 791–804.
  • Goward, S.N., 1981: Thermal behaviour of the urban landscape and the urban heat island. Physical Geography, 2: 19–33.
  • Grimmond, C.S.B. and Oke, T.R., 2002: Turbulent heat fluxes in urban areas: observations and a Local–Scale Urban Meteorological Parametrization Scheme (LUMPS). Journal of Applied Meteorology, 41: 792–810.
  • Haeger‐eugensson, M., 1999: Vertical interactions in a nocturnal multi‐scale wind system influenced by atmospheric stability in a coastal area. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 64: 69–82.
  • Haeger‐eugensson, M. and Holmer, B., 1999: Advection caused by the urban heat island circulation as a regulating factor on the nocturnal urban heat island. International Journal of Climatology, 19: 975–988.
  • Holmer, B. and Lindqvist, S., 1981: Bebyggelselandskapets klimat ‐ nybebyggelsens påverkan på lokalklimatet. R81:1981, Statens institut för byggnadsforskning. 64 p.
  • Holmer, B., Postgdrd, U. and Eriksson, M., 2001: Sky view factors in forest canopies calculated with IDRISI. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 68: 33–40.
  • Johnson, D.B., 1985: Urban modification of diurnal temperature cycles in Birmingham. Journal of Climatology, 5: 221–225.
  • Kidder, S.Q. and Essenwanger, O.M., 1995: The effect of clouds and wind on the difference in nocturnal cooling rates between urban and rural areas. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34: 2440–2448.
  • Klysik, K., 1996: Spatial and seasonal distribution of anthropogenic heat emissions in Lodz, Ploand. Atmospheric Environment, 30: 3397–3404.
  • Kuttler, W., 1988: Planungsrelevate Stadklimatologie. Mitteilungen Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, 88(4): 23–28.
  • Lapworth, A., 2003: Factors determining the decrease in surface wind speed following the evening transition. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 129(591): 1945–1968.
  • Lee, D.O., 1979: Contrasts in warming and cooling rates at an urban and a rural site. Weather, 34: 60–66.
  • Lindqvist, S., 1968: Studies on the local climate in Lund and its environs. Geografisha Annaler, 50A: 79–93.
  • Lindqvist, S., 1970: Bebyggelseklimatiska studier (English summary: Climatological studies of built‐up areas). Meddelanden från Lunds universitets geografiska institution. Avhandlingar, LXI. CWK Gleerup. Lund. 205 p.
  • Nuñez, M. and Oke, T.R., 1976: Long–wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphere. II: Within an urban canyon. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 10: 121–135.
  • Nuñez, M. and Wilson, M., 2006: Radiation divergence cooling: From an urban canyon to the rural environment. Sixth International conference on Urban Climate. Göteborg. 545–548.
  • Offerlee, B., Grimmond, C.S.B. and Fortuniak, K., 2005: Heat storage and anthropogenic heat flux in relation to the energy balance of a central European city centre. International Journal of Climatology, 25: 1405–1419.
  • Oke, T.R., 1981: Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island: comparison of scale model and field observations. Journal of Climatology, 1: 237–254.
  • Oke, T.R., 1982: The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 108: 1–24.
  • Oke, T.R., 1988: The urban energy balance. Progress in Physical Geography, 12: 471–508.
  • Oke, T.R., 1989: The micrometeolology of an urban forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B324: 335–349.
  • Oke, T.R. and East, C, 1971: The urban boundary layer in Montreal. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1: 411–437.
  • Oke, T.R. and Maxwell, G.B., 1975: Urban heat island dynamics in Montreal and Vancouver. Atmospheric Environment, 9: 191–200.
  • Petralli, M., Morabito, M., Cecchi, L., Bartolini, G., Torrigiani, T. and Orlandini, S., 2006: Air temperature distribution at pedestrian level in Florence (Italy) during hot days through fixed and mobile sensors. 6th international Conference on Urban Climate. Urban Climate Group, Department of Geosciences. Göteborg University. Göteborg. 454–457.
  • Runnalls, K.E. and Oke, T.R., 2000: Dynamics and controls of the near‐surface heat island of Vancouver, British Columbia. Physical Geography, 21: 281–304.
  • Saaroni, H., Ben‐dor, R., Bitan, A. and Potcher, O., 2000: Spatial distribution and microscale characteristics of the urban heat island in Tel‐Aviv, Israel. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48: 1–18.
  • Savijärvi, H., 2006: Radiative and turbulent heating rates in the clear‐air boundary layer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 132: 147–161.
  • Soux, A., Oke, T.R. and Nunez, M., 2006: Measuring nocturnal longwave radiative flux divergence. Sixth International Conference on Urban Climate. Göteborg. 52–55.
  • Sun, J.L., Burns, S.P., Delany, A.C, Oncley, S.P., Horst, T.W. and Lenschow, D.H., 2003: Heat balance in the nocturnal boundary layer during CASES‐99. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42: 1649–1666.
  • Svensson, M.K., 2004: Sky view factor analysis ‐implications for urban air temperature differences. Meteorological Applications, 11:201–211.
  • Tejada‐martinez, A. and Jauregui‐ostos, E., 2005: Surface energy balance measurements in the Mexico City Region: a review. Atmosfera, 18: 1–12.
  • Thorsson, S. and Eliasson, I., 2003: An intra‐urban thermal breeze in Göteborg, Sweden. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 75: 93–104.
  • Tumanov, S., Stan‐sion, A., Lupu, A., Soci, C and Oprea, C, 1999: Influences of the city of Bucharest on weather and climate parameters. Atmospheric Environment, 33: 4173–4183.
  • Unger, J., 2004: Intra‐urban relationship between surface geometry and urban heat island: review and new approach. Climate Research, 27: 253–264.
  • Uno, I, Wakamutso, S. and Veda, H., 1988: An observational study of the structure of the nocturnal urban boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 45: 59–82.
  • Upmanis, H., Eliasson, I. and Lindqvist, S., 1998: The influence of green areas on nocturnal temperatures in a high latitude city (Göteborg, Sweden). International Journal of Climatology, 18: 681–700.
  • Voogt, J.A. and Oke, T.R., 1998: Effects of urban surface geometry on remotely‐sensed surface temperature. International Journal of Climatology, 19: 895–920.
  • Yamashita, S., Sekine, K., Shoda, M., Yamashita, K. and Hara, Y., 1986: On the relationships between heat island and sky view factors in the cities of Tama River basin, Japan. Atmospheric Environment, 20: 681–686.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.