Rural–urban spatial interaction in the global south: long‐distance mobility changes, desires and restrictions over two decades in rural philippines

References

• ADB (2002): Impact of rural roads on poverty reduction: a case study‐based analysis. IES: REG 2002–15, Operations Evaluation Department, Asian Development Bank, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Aguiléra, A.,Guillot, C. and Rallet, A. (2012): ‘Mobile ICTs and physical mobility: review and research agenda’, Transportation Research Part A46 (4): 664–672.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, A. K. F. (1997): ‘Rural transport planning in developing countries: gender and social class bias’, Journal for the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies2 (5): 1409–1428.
   Google Scholar
• Balisacan, A. M.,Hill, H. and Piza, S. F. (2009): ‘Spatial disparities and development policy in the Philippines’, In Huang, Y. and Magnoli bocchi, A. (eds): Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia. World Bank, Washington , DC , pp.169–182.
   Google Scholar
• BAS (2012): ‘CountrySTAT Philippines. Employment in agriculture’, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics [online]. URLhttp://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=10&pageid=1&ma=P60LETEP [accessed 24 June 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury, A. S. C. (2006): ‘Transport, mobility and social capital in developing countries’, Proceedings of the ICE – Engineering Sustainability159 (2): 79–86.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. F.,Bradbury, A. and Bradbury, T. (2008): ‘Roads to poverty reduction? Exploring rural roads’ impact on mobility in Africa and Asia’, Development Policy Review26 (4): 459–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. F.,Maunder, D. A. C.,Mbara, T. C.,Kibombo, R.,Davis, A. S. C. and Howe, J. D. G. F. (2003a): Sustainable livelihoods, mobility and access needs. TRL Report TRL544. TRL Ltd, Crowthorne .
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D. F.,Mbara, T. C. and Maunder, D. A. C. (2003b): ‘Livelihoods, daily mobility and poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa’, Transport Reviews23 (2): 177–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabanilla, L. S. (1989): Transport of agri‐products: impact of government policies on agricultural transportation in the Philippines, the case of rice and corn. National Economic Development Authority, Training and Development Issues Project, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Chow, E. N. (ed.) (2002): Transforming Gender and Development in East Asia. Routledge, London .
   Google Scholar
• Church, A.,Frost, M. and Sullivan, K. (2000): ‘Transport and social exclusion in London’, Transport Policy7 (3): 195–205.
   Google Scholar
• Clausen, A. (2010): ‘Economic globalization and regional disparities in the Philippines’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography31 (3): 299–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, W. L.,Santoso, K.,Soentoro and Wibowo, R. (1993): New approach to rural development in Java: twenty‐five years of village studies in Java. Unpublished report. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta .
   Google Scholar
• Cook, C. C.,Duncan, T.,Jitsuchon, S.,Sharma, A. and Wu, G. (2005): Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction. Asian Development Bank, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Dargay, J. M. and Clark, S. (2012): ‘The determinants of long distance travel in Great Britain’, Transportation Research Part A46 (3): 576–587.
   Google Scholar
• Deichmann, U.,Kaiser, K.,Lall, S. V. and Shalizi, Z. (2005): Agglomeration, transport, and regional development in Indonesia. Policy Research Working Paper 3477, World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Deichmann, U.,Shilpi, F. and Vakis, R. (2008): Spatial specialization and farm–nonfarm linkages. Policy Research Working Paper 4611, World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Deichmann, U.,Shilpi, F. and Vakis, R. (2009): ‘Urban proximity, agricultural potential and rural non‐farm employment: evidence from Bangladesh’, World Development37 (3): 645–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, R. (1998): Rural transport and accessibility: a synthesis paper. Employment‐Intensive Investment Branch, International Labour Office, Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• Deshingkar, P. and Anderson, E. (2004): ‘People on the move: new policy challenges for increasingly mobile populations’, Natural Resource Perspectives92: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz olvera, L.,Plat, D. and Pochet, P. (2003): ‘Transportation conditions and access to services in a context of urban sprawl and deregulation: the case of Dar es Salaam’, Transport Policy10 (4): 287–298.
   Google Scholar
• Dissanayake, D.,Kurauchi, S.,Morikawa, T. and Ohashi, S. (2012): ‘Inter‐regional and inter‐temporal analysis of travel behaviour for Asian metropolitan cities: case studies of Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, and Nagoya’, Transport Policy19 (1): 36–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DPWH (19602008): Existing roads by system classification and pavement type, various years. Department of Public Works and Highways, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• DPWH (1989): Philippine national road improvement project – final report, vol. 3, Luzon roads. Department of Public Works and Highways, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• DPWH/ADB (1998): ADB assisted fifth road improvement project, final report. Department of Public Works and Highways and Asian Development Bank, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, F. (2000): Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, F. (2005): ‘Small‐farms, livelihood diversification and rural–urban transitions: strategic issues in Sub‐Saharan Africa’, paper prepared for the Research Workshop on the Future of Small Farms, Wye, Kent, 26–29 June.
   Google Scholar
• Fafchamps, M. and Shilpi, F. (2003): ‘Spatial division of labor in Nepal’, Journal of Development Studies39 (6): 23–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss, S. and Couclelis, H. (2009): ‘Throwing space back in: a tale of Indian fishermen, ICT and travel behavior’, Journal of Transport Geography17 (2): 134–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hägerstrand, T. (1987): ‘Human interaction and spatial mobility: retrospect and prospect’, In Nijkamp, P. and Reichman, S. (eds): Transport Planning in a Changing World. Gower, Aldershot , pp.11–28.
   Google Scholar
• Herrin, A. N. and Pernia, E. M. (2003): ‘Population, human resources, and employment’, In Balisacan, A. M. and Hill, H. (eds): The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford University Press, New York . pp.283–310.
   Google Scholar
• Hew, C. S. (2007): ‘Urbanization in Sarawak: a context’, In Hew, C. S. (ed.) : Village Mothers and City Daughters: Women and Urbanization in Sarawak. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, pp.1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Hine, J. and Grieco, M. (2003): ‘Scatters and clusters in time and space: implications for delivering integrated and inclusive transport’, Transport Policy10 (4): 299–306.
   Google Scholar
• Hine, J. and Rutter, J. (2000): ‘Roads, personal mobility and poverty: the challenge’, Transport and Poverty Alleviation Workshop, World Bank, 13 June.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, J. (2001): ‘Village level transport’.Rural travel and transport program, World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Hugo, G. (2003): ‘Urbanisation in Asia: an overview’, paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective, Johannesburg, 4–7 June.
   Google Scholar
• Janelle, D. G. (1969): ‘Spatial reorganization: a model and concept’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers59 (2): 348–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, D. C. (2007): ‘These roads were made for walking? The nature and use of rural public transport services in Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography28 (2): 171–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, G. A. and Corbridge, S. (2010): ‘The continuing debate about urban bias: the thesis, its critics, its influence and its implications for poverty‐reduction strategies’, Progress in Development Studies10 (1): 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, G. W. (1997): ‘The thoroughgoing urbanization of East and Southeast Asia’, Asia Pacific Viewpoint38 (3): 237–249.
   Google Scholar
• Kamruzzaman, Md. and Hine, J. (2012): ‘Analysis of rural activity spaces and transport disadvantage using a multi‐method approach’, Transport Policy19 (1): 105–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeling, D. J. (2009): ‘Transportation geography: local challenges, global contexts’, Progress in Human Geography33 (4): 516–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilkenny, M. (1998): ‘Transport costs, the new economic geography, and rural development’, Growth and Change29 (3): 259–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura, R. and Mohammad, J. (2009): ‘Guest editorial. Rapid motorization in Asian cities: urban transport infrastructure, spatial development and travel behavior’, Transportation36 (3): 269–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman, P. (1991): ‘Increasing returns and economic geography’, Journal of Political Economy99 (3): 483–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman, P. (1996): ‘Urban concentration: the role of increasing returns and transport costs’, International Regional Science Review19 (1–2): 5–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutzbach, M. J. (2009): ‘Motorization in developing countries: causes, consequences, and effectiveness of policy options’, Journal of Urban Economics65 (2): 154–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, M.‐P. (1999): ‘Gender, the home–work link, and space–time patterns of nonemployment activities’, Economic Geography75 (4): 370–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lall, S. V.,Funderburg, R. and Yepes, T. (2004): Location, concentration, and performance of economic activity in Brazil. Policy Research Working Paper 3268, World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Lall, S. V.,Selod, H. and Shalizi, Z. (2006): Rural–urban migration in developing countries: a survey of theoretical predictions and empirical findings. Policy Research Working Paper 3913, World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. F. (2007): ‘Motorization in rapidly developing countries’, In Marcotullio, P. J. and Mcgranahan, G. (eds): Scaling Urban Environmental Challenges: From Local to Global and Back. Earthscan, London , pp.179–205.
   Google Scholar
• Leinbach, T. R. (1981): ‘Travel characteristics and mobility behavior: aspects of rural transport impact in Indonesia’, Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography63 (2): 119–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, J. C. and Moryadas, S. (1975): The Geography of Movement. Houghton Mifflin, Boston , MA .
   Google Scholar
• LTO (19602008): Number of motor vehicles registered by type, status, and by region, various years. Land Transportation Office, Quezon City .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, K. (ed.) (2004): Running on Empty: Transport, Social Exclusion and Environmental Justice. Policy Press, Bristol .
   Google Scholar
• Metz, D. (2002): ‘Limitations of transport policy’, Transport Reviews22 (2): 134–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEDA (2001): Medium‐term Philippine development plan 2001–2004. National Economic Development Authority, Manila .
   Google Scholar
• Nijkamp, P. and Blaas, E. (1994): Impact Assessment and Evaluation in Transportation Planning. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht .
   Google Scholar
• NSO (2008): ‘2007 census of population’, National Statistical Office [online]. URLhttp://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2007/index.html [accessed 26 June 2009].
   Google Scholar
• NSO (2010): ‘2010 census and housing population’, National Statistical Office [online]. URLhttp://www.census.gov.ph/data/census2010/index.html [accessed 12 May 2012].
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, J. (2007): Responses to Change in Accessibility. Socioeconomic Impacts of Road Investment: The Distributive Outcomes in Two Rural Peripheral Philippine Municipalities. Meddelanden från Göteborgs Universitets Geografiska Institutioner, Serie B, 110, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg .
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, J. (2009): ‘Improved road accessibility and indirect development effects: evidence from rural Philippines’, Journal of Transport Geography17 (6): 476–483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, J. (2010): ‘Road investment as enabling local economic development? Evidence from a rural Philippine fishing village’, Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography31 (3): 343–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortoleva, S. and Brenman, M. (2004): ‘Women's issues in transportation’, In Lucas, K. (ed.) : Running on Empty: Transport, Social Exclusion and Environmental Justice. Policy Press, Bristol , pp.257–279.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, D. (2001): ‘Gender and transport in less developed countries: a background paper in preparation for CSD‐9’, paper for the workshop Gender Perspectives for Earth Summit 2002: Energy Transport, Information for Decision Making’, Berlin, 10–12 January.
   Google Scholar
• POPCOM (2003): ‘Urban population in the Philippines’, Commission on Population, Republic of the Philippines [online]. URLhttp://www.popcom.gov.ph/featured_documents/urban_population.html [accessed 26 June 2009].
   Google Scholar
• Preston, J. and Rajé, F. (2007): ‘Accessibility, mobility and transport‐related social exclusion’, Journal of Transport Geography15 (3): 151–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renkow, M. (2006): ‘Cities, towns, and the rural nonfarm economy’, In Haggblade, S.,Hazell, P. B. R. and Reardon, T. A. (eds): Transforming the Rural Nonfarm Economy: Opportunities and Threats in the Developing World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore , MD , pp.183–198.
   Google Scholar
• Rigg, J. (2001): More than the Soil: Rural Change in Southeast Asia. Pearson Education, Harlow .
   Google Scholar
• Rigg, J. (2006): ‘Land, farming, livelihoods, and poverty: rethinking the links in the rural South’, World Development34 (1): 180–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigg, J. (2007): An Everyday Geography of the Global South. Routledge, London .
   Google Scholar
• Rigg, J. (2009): ‘A particular place? Laos and its incorporation into the development mainstream’, Environment and Planning A41 (3): 703–721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigg, J. and Wittayapak, C. (2009): ‘Spatial integration and human transformations in the Greater Mekong subregion’, In Huang, Y. and Magnoli bocchi, A. (eds): Reshaping Economic Geography in East Asia. World Bank, Washington , DC , pp.79–99.
   Google Scholar
• Roschlau, M. W. (1985): ‘Provincial public transport’, Philippine Studies33 (4): 431–458.
   Google Scholar
• Schwanen, T.,Kwan, M.‐P. and Ren, F. (2008): ‘How fixed is fixed? Gendered rigidity of space–time constraints and geographies of everyday activities’, Geoforum39 (6): 2109–2121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, D. (1996): Transport and Development in the Third World. Routledge, London .
   Google Scholar
• Simon, D.,Mcgregor, D. and Nsiah‐gyabaah, K. (2004): ‘The changing urban–rural interface of African cities: definitional issues and an application to Kumasi, Ghana’, Environment and Urbanization16 (2): 235–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N.,Hirsch, D. and Davis, A. (2012): ‘Accessibility and capability: the minimum transport needs and costs of rural households’, Journal of Transport Geography21: 93–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan, S. and Rogers, P. (2005): ‘Travel behavior of low‐income residents: studying two contrasting locations in the city of Chennai, India’, Journal of Transport Geography13 (3): 265–274.
   Google Scholar
• Starkey, P.,Ellis, S.,Hine, J. and Ternell, A. (2002): Improving rural mobility: options for developing motorized and nonmotorized transport in rural areas. Technical Paper 525, World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Straatemeier, T. (2008): ‘How to plan for regional accessibility?’, Transport Policy15 (2): 127–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacoli, C. (1998): ‘Rural‐urban interactions: a guide to the literature’, Environment and Urbanization10 (1): 147–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN (2008): World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision. United Nations, New York .
   Google Scholar
• van dijk, H.,Foeken, D. and van til, K. (2001): ‘Population mobility in Africa: an overview’, In de bruijn, M., van dijk, R. and Foeken, D. (eds): Mobile Africa: Changing Patterns of Movement in Africa and Beyond. Brill, Leiden , pp.2–26.
   Google Scholar
• Vilhelmson, B. (2007): ‘The use of the car – mobility dependencies of urban everyday life’, In Gärling, T. and Steg, L. (eds): Threats from Car Traffic to the Quality of Urban Life: Problems, Causes, and Solutions. Elsevier, Amsterdam , pp.145–164.
   Google Scholar
• Wanmali, S. (1991): ‘Determinants of rural service use among households in Gazaland District, Zimbabwe’, Economic Geography67 (4): 346–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WORLD BANK (2007): A Decade of Action in Transport: An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance to the Transport Sector, 1995–2005. World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• WORLD BANK (2009): World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar