- Agnew, Robert. 1991. “A Longitudinal Test of Social Control Theory and Delinquency”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28:125–156.
- Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. 1965. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations, an Analytic Study. Boston: Little. Brown.
- Biais, Andre. 2000. To Vote or Not to Vote: The Merits and Limits of Rational Choice Theory. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
- Blasi, Augusto. 1980. “Bridging Moral Cognition and Moral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature”. Psychological Bulletin 88:1–45.
- Cialdini, Robert B. 1993. Influence Science and Practice (3d ed.) New York: Harper Collins.
- Cialdini, Robert B., 1993. Influence Science and Practice (3d ed.) New York: Harper Collins.
- Cialdini, Robert B., Raymond R. Reno, and Carl A. Kallgren. 1990. “A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: Recycling the Concept of Norms to Reduce Littering in Public Places”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:1015–1026.
- Cohen, Lawrence E., and Kenneth C. Land. 1999. “Social Correlates of Official Index Crime Rates for States, SMSAs, and Cities [United States]: A Macro-Level Dataset for 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980” [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
- Coleman, James. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Coleman, Stephen. 1975. Measurement and Analysis of Political Systems: A Science of Social Behavior. New York: John Wiley.
- Coleman, Stephen. 1985. “The Human Brain, Social Conformity and Presidential Elections”. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 11:95–130.
- Efron, Bradley, and Robert J. Tibshirani. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall.
- Elster, Jon. 1989. The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Empey, LaMar T. 1982. American Delinquency: Its Meaning and Construction. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
- Foglia, Wanda D. 1997. “Perceptual Deterrence and the Mediating Effect of Internalized Social Norms Among Inner-City Teenagers”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34:414–442.
- Glaeser, Edward L., Bruce Sacerdote, and Jose A. Scheinkman. 1996. “Crime and Social Interactions”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 111:502–548.
- Grasmick, Harold G., Robert J. Bursik Jr., and Bruce J. Arneklev. 1993. “Reduction in Drunk Driving as a Response to Increased Threats of Shame, Embarrassment, and Legal Sanctions”. Criminology 31:41–67.
- Green, Donald P., and Ian Shapiro. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Greene, William H. 1997. Econometric Analysis. (3d ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Hammond, John L. 1977. “Race and Electoral Mobilization: White Southerners, 1952–1968”. Public Opinion Quarterly 41:13–27.
- Harcourt, Bernard E. 1998. “Reflecting on the Subject: A Critique of the Social Influence Conception of Deterrence, the Broken Windows Theory, and Order-Maintaining Policing New York Style”. Michigan Law Review 97:291–390.
- Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Kahan, Dan M. 1997. “Social Influence, Social Meaning, and Deterrence”. Virginia Law Review 83:276–304.
- Kelling, George L., and Catherine M. Coles. 1996. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. New York: Martin Kessler Books.
- Key, V. O., Jr. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Vintage.
- Knack, Stephen. 1992. “Civic Norms, Social Sanctions, and Voter Turnout”. Rationality and Society 4:133–56.
- Kohlberg, Lawrence. 1984. The Psychology of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Life Cycle. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
- Land. Kenneth, Patricia L. McCall, and Lawrence E. Cohen. 1990. “Structural Covariates of Homicide Rates: Are There Any Invariances Across Time and Social Space American Journal of Sociology 95:922–963.
- Lyons, William, and Robert Alexander. 2000. “A Tale of Two Electorates: Generational Replacement and the Decline of Voting in Presidential Elections”. Journal of Politics 62:1014–1034.
- Mak, Anita. 1990. “Testing a Psychosocial Control Theory of Delinquency”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 17:215–230.
- Maltz, Michael D. 1999. Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
- Paternoster, Raymond, Linda E. Salzman, Gordon P. Waldo, and Theodore G. Chiricos. 1983. “Estimating Perceptual Stability and Deterrent Effects: The Role of Perceived Legal Punishment in the Inhibition of Criminal Involvement”. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74:270–97.
- Reiss, A. J. 1988. “Co-offending and Criminal Careers.” pp. 117–170 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 10, edited by M. Tonry and N. Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Reiter, Howard L. 1979. “Why is Turnout Down Public Opinion Quarterly 43:297–311.
- Riker, William H., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1968. “A Theory of the Calculus of Voting”. American Political Science Review 62:433–52.
- Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy”. Science 277:918–924.
- Sampson, Robert J., and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1999. “Systematic Social Observation of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods”. American Journal of Sociology 105:603–51.
- Shannon, Claude, and Warren Weaver. 1969. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
- Skogan, Wesley G. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.
- Teixeira, Ruy A. 1987. Why American Don't Vote: Turnout Decline in the United States 1960–1984. New York: Greenwood Press.
- Tocqueville, Alexis de. [1835 1840] 1956. Democracy in America. Edited by Richard D. Heffner. New York: New American Library.
- Travis, Jeremy. 1998. “Plenary Address at the Fourth Biennial Conference: International Perspectives on Crime, Justice and Public Order, June 21, 1998.” Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice (available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/speeches/budapest.htm, accessed on May 10, 2002).
- U.S. Bureau of the Census (USBC) 1988. County and City Data Book. Online data from University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center (http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/ccdb, accessed on May 10, 2002).
- U.S. Bureau of the Census (USBC) 1994. County and City Data Book. Online data from University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center (http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/ccdb, accessed on May 10, 2002).
- Zuckerman, Alan S., and Laurence A. Kotler-Berkowitz. 1998. “Politics and Society: Political Diversity and Uniformity in Households as a Theoretical Puzzle”. Comparative Political Studies 31:464–497.
A Test for the Effect of Conformity on Crime Rates Using Voter Turnout
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.