690
Views
57
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Long Arm of the Law: Effects of Labeling on Employment

&
Pages 385-404 | Published online: 12 Dec 2016

  • Adams, Mike S., James D. Johnso, and T. David Evans. 1998. “Racial Differences in Informal Labeling Effects.” Deviant Behavio. 19:151–171.
  • Agnew; Robert. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminolog. 30:47–87.
  • Bartusch, Dawn Jeglum, and Ross L. Matsueda 1996. “Gender, Reflected Appraisals, and Labeling: A Cross-Group Test of an Interactionist Theory of Delinquency.” Social Force. 75:145–177.
  • Becker, Howard 1963. Outsides: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.
  • Bellas, Marcia L. 1994. “Comparable Worth in Academia: The Effects of Faculty Salaries on the Sex Composition and Labor-Market Conditions of Academic Disciplines.” American Sociological Revie. 59:807–821.
  • Boshier, Roge, and Derek Johnson 1974. “Does Conviction Affect Employment Oppertunities.” British Journal of Criminolog. 14:264–268.
  • Bushway, Shawn D. 1998. “The Impact of an Arrest on the Job Stability of Young White American Men.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquenc. 35:454–479.
  • Chesney-Lind, Meda. 1997. The Female Offender: Girls, Women and Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Crutchfield, Robert D., and Susan R. Pitchford 1997. “Work and Crime: The Effects of Labor Stratification.” Social Force. 76:93–118.
  • Davies, Scot, and Neil Guppy 1997. “Fields of Study, College Selectivity, and Student Inequalities in Higher Education.” Social Force. 75:1417–1438.
  • Freeman, Richard B. 1992. “Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youths.” in Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunity, edited by George E. Peterson and Wayne Vroman. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.
  • Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Gove, Walter, ed. 1980. The Labeling of Deviance: Evaluating a Perspective. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley.
  • Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociolog. 78:1360–1380.
  • Grogger, Jeffrey 1995. “The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men.” Quarterly Journal of Economic. 110:51–71.
  • Hagan, John 1991. “Destiny and Drift: Subcultural Preferences, Status Attainments and the Risks of Youth.” American Sociological Revie. 56:567–587.
  • Hagan, John 1993. “The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment.” Criminolog. 31:465–490.
  • Hagan, John, Bill McCarthy, and Holly Foster 2002. “A Gendered Theory of Delinquency and Despair in the Life Course.” Acta Sociologic. 45(1):37–46.
  • Hagan, Joh, and Alberto Palloni 1990. “The Social Reproduction of a Criminal Class in Working-Class London, 1950–1980.” American Journal of Sociolog. 96:265–299.
  • Heimer Kare, and Ross L. Matsueda 1994. “Role Taking, Role-Commitment, and Delinquency: A Theory of Differntial Social Control.” American Sociological Revie. 59:365–390.
  • Hirschi, Travis 1980. “Labeling Theory and Juvenile Delinquency: An Assessment of the Evidence.” Pp. 271–293 in The Labeling of Deviance, edited by Gove.
  • Holzer, Harry J. 1988. “Search Methods Used by Unemployed Youth.” Journal of Labor Economic. 7:1–20.
  • Holzer, Harry J. 1996. What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Huizinga, Davi, and Delbert S. Elliot 1987. “Juvenile Offenders: Prevalence, Offender Incidence, and Arrest Rates by Race.” Crime and Delinquenc. 33:206–223.
  • Keane, Car, A. Gillis, and John Hagan 1989. “Deterrence and Amplification of Juvenile Delinquency by Police Contact: The Importance of Gender and Risk Orientation.” British Journal of Criminolog. 29:336–352.
  • Li, L, and Dennis Moore 2001. “Disability and Illicit Drug Use: An Application of Labeling Theory.” Deviant Behavio. 22:1–21.
  • Link, Bruce G. 1987. “Understanding Labeling Effects in the Area of Mental Disorders: An Assessment of the Effects of Expectations of Rejection.” American Sociological Revie. 52:96–112.
  • Matsueda, Ross 1992. “Reflected Appraisals, Parental Labels, and Delinquency: Specifying a Symbolic Interactionist Theory.” American Journal of Sociolog. 97:1577–1611.
  • Munch, Allison, J. Miller McPherson, and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 1997. “Gender, Children, and Social Contact: The Effects of Childrearing for Men and Women.” American Sociological Revie. 62:509–520.
  • Nagin, Danie, and Joel Waldfogel 1995. “The Effects of Criminality and Conviction on the Labor Market Status of Young British Offenders.” International Review of Law and Economic. 15:109–126.
  • National Center on Education and the Economy (NCEE). 1990. America's Choice: High Skills or Low Wages. Rochester, NY: NCEE.
  • Nettler, Gwynne 1978. Explaining Crime. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Pasternoster, R., and L. Jovanni. 1989. “The Labeling Perspective and Delinquency: An Elaboration of the Theory and an Assessment of the Evidence.” Justice Quarterl. 6:359–394.
  • Raffe, David 1988. “The Story So Far: Research on Education, Family and the Cohort Market from the Scottish Surveys.” Pp. 40–65 in Education and the Youth Labour Market, edited by David Raffe. London: Falmer.
  • Ray, Melvin C., and William R. Downs 1986. “An Empirical Test of Labeling Theory Using Longitudinal Data.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquenc. 23:169–194.
  • Roberts, Ken 1995. Youth and Employment in Modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Sampson, Rober, and John Laub 1997. “A Life-Course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency.” Pp. 133–161 in Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquence, edited by Terence P. Thornberry. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
  • Schwartz, Richar, and Jerome Skolnick 1964. “Two Studies of Legal Stigma.” Pp. 103–117 in The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance, edited by Howard Becker. New York: Free Press.
  • Stolzenberg, Ross M., and Daniel A. Relles 1990. “Theory Testing in a World of Constrained Research Design: The Significance of Heckman's Censored Sampling Bias Correction for Nonexperimental Research.” Sociological Methods and Researc. 18:395–415.
  • Tanner, Julian 2001. Teenage Troubles: Youth and Deviance in Canada. 2d ed. Toronto: Nelson Thompson Learning.
  • Tanner, Julian, Scott Davies, and Bill O'Grady. 1999. “Whatever Happened to Yesterday's Rebels? Longitudinal Effects of Teenage Delinquency on Education and Occupational Outcomes.” Social Problem. 46:250–274.
  • Teachman, Jay D. 1987. “Family background, educational resources, and educational attainment.” American Sociological Revie. 52:548–557.
  • Thomas, Charles W., and Donna M. Bishop 1984. “The Effect of Formal and Informal Sanctions on Delinquency: A Longitudinal Comparison of Labeling and Deterrence Theories.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminolog. 75:1222–1245.
  • Tittle, Charles R. 1995. Control Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Waldfogel, Jane 1997. “The Effect of Children on Women's Wages.” American Sociological Revie. 62:209–217.
  • Warren, John Robert, Robert M. Hauser, and Jannifer T. Sheridan 2002. “Occupational Stratification across the Life Course: Evidence from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.” American Sociological Revie. 67:432–455.
  • Western, Bruc, and Becky Pettit 2000. “Incarceration and Racial Inequality in Men's Employment.” Industrial and Labor Relations Revie. 54:3–16.
  • Wortley, Scot 1996. “Justice for All? Race and Perceptions of Bias in the Ontario Criminal Justice System: A Toronto Survey.” Canadian Journal of Criminolog. 38:439–468.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.