An observation operator for ground-based GPS slant delays

References

• Alber, C., Ware, R., Rocken, C. and Braun, J. 2000. Obtaining single path phase delays from GPS double differences. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2661–2664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, E., Pailleux, J., Thepaut, J.-N., Eyre, J. R., McNally, A. P. and co-authors. 1994. Use of cloud-cleared radiances in three/four-dimensional variational data assimilation. Q. J. R. MeteoroL Soc. 120, 627–653.
   Google Scholar
• Bevis, M., Businger, S., Chiswell, S., Herring, T. A., Anthes, R. A. and co-authors. 1994. GPS meteorology: Mapping zenith wet delays onto precipitable water. J. AppL MeteoroL 33, 379–386.
   Google Scholar
• Bevis, M., Businger, S., Herring, T., Rocken, C., Anthes, R. and co-authors. 1992. GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the Global Positioning System. J. Geophys. Res. 97 (D14), 15787–15801.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, J., Rocken, C. and Ware, R. 2001. Validation of line-of-sight water vapor measurements with GPS. Radio Sc i. 36,459–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan, S., van der Marel, H. and Barlag, S. 2002. Comparison of GPS slant delay measurements to a numerical model: Case study of a cold front passage. Phys. Chem. Earth (A/13/C) 27, 317–322.
   Google Scholar
• De Pondeca, M. and Zou, X. 2001. A case study of the variational as-similation of GPS zenith delay observations into a mesoscale model. J. AppL MeteoroL 40, 1559–1576.
   Google Scholar
• Elosegui, P. and Davis, J. 2004. Accuracy assessment of GPS slant-path determinations. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on GPS Meteorology, Tsukuba, Japan, 14-17 Jan 2003 (eds. T. Iwabuchi and Y. Shoji).
   Google Scholar
• Eresmaa, R. and Järvinen, H. 2005. Estimation of spatial GPS Zenith Delay observation error covariance. Tellus 57A, 194–203.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Y.-R., Kuo, Y.-H., Dudhia, J. and Parsons, D. 2000. Four-dimensional variational data assimilation of heterogeneous mesoscale observations for a strong convective case. Mon. Weather Re v. 128, 619–643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, N. 2002. Assimilation of ground-based GPS data in HIRLAM 3D-Var. In: Proceedings of the HIRLAM Workshop on Variational Data Assimilation and Remote Sensing, Finnish Mete-orological Institute, Helsinki 21-23 Jan 2002, 89-96. Available from the HIRLAM Project, do Per Unden, SMHI, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, N., Berre, L., Hörnquist, S., Huang, X.-Y., Lindskog, M. and co-authors. 2001. Three-dimensional variational data assimilation for a limited area model. Part I: General formulation and the background error constraint. Tellus 53A, 425–446.
   Google Scholar
• Ha, S.-Y., Kuo, Y.-H., Guo, Y.-R. and Lim, G.-H. 2003. Variational assimilation of slant path wet delay measurements from a hy-pothetical ground-based GPS network. Part I: Comparison with precipitable water assimilation. Mon. Weather Re v. 131, 2635–2655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase, J., Ge, M., Vedel, H. and Calais, E. 2003. Accuracy and variability of GPS tropospheric delay measurements of water vapor in the Western Mediterranean. J. AppL MeteoroL 42, 1547–1568.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, S. 2001. Radio occultation bending angle and impact parame-ter errors caused by horizontal refractive index gradients in the tro-posphere: A simulation study. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D11), 11 857–11889.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, M. 2001. Progress in 3D-variational assimilation of total zenith delay. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 26, 445–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H. and Collins, J. 2001. GPS. Theory and practice 5th Edition. Springer, New York, ISBN 3-211-83534-2, 384 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, Y.-H., Zou, X. and Guo, Y.-R. 1996. Variational assimilation of precipitable water using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale adjoint model. Part I: Moisture retrieval and sensitivity experiments. Mon. Weather Rev. 124, 122–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindskog, M., Gustafsson, N., Navascues, B., Mogensen, K. S., Huang, X.-Y. and co-authors. 2001. Three-dimensional variational data as-similation for a limited area model. Part H: Observation handling and assimilation experiments. Tellus 53A, 447–468.
   Google Scholar
• Lorene, A. C. 1986. Analysis methods for numerical weather prediction. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 112, 1177–1194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClatchey, R. A., Fenn, R. W., Selby, J. E. A., Volz, F. E. and Garing, J. S. 1971. Optical properties of the atmosphere. Report AFCRL-71-0279, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. Available from Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731, USA, 85 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Majewslci, D. 1985. Balanced initial and boundary values for a limited area model. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 58, 147–159.
   Google Scholar
• Niell, A. 1996. Global mapping functions for the atmosphere delay at radio wavelengths. J. Geophys. Res. 101(B2), 3227–3246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacione, R., Sciarretta, C., Faccani, C., Ferretti, R. and Vespe, F. 2001. GPS PW assimilation into MM5 with the nudging technique. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 26, 481–485.
   Google Scholar
• Pacione, R. and Vespe, F. 2003. GPS zenith total delay estimation in the Mediterranean area for climatological and meteorological appli-cations. J. Atmos. Oceanic TechnoL 20, 1034–1042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pany, T. 2002. Measuring and modeling the slant wet delay with GPS and the ECMWF NWP model. Phys. Chem. Earth (A/13/C) 27, 347–354.
   Google Scholar
• Poli, P. and Joiner, J. 2004. Effects of horizontal gradients on GPS radio occultation observation operators. I: Ray tracing. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130, 2787–2805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saastamoinen, J. 1972. Atmospheric correction for the troposphere and stratosphere in radio ranging of satellites. In: The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy Volume 15, (eds. S. W. Henriksen et al.) Geo-phys. Monogr. Ser., AGU, 247–251.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, A. J. and Burridge, D. M. 1981. An energy and angular mo-mentum conserving vertical finite difference scheme and hybrid ver-tical coordinates. Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 758–766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoew, B. and Elgered, G. 2004. Characterization of atmospheric param-eters using a ground based GPS network in North Europe. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 58 (1B), 587–596.
   Google Scholar
• Stoew, B., Jarlemark, P., Johansson, J. and Elgered, G. 2001. Real-time processing of GPS data delivered by SWEPOS. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 26, 493–496.
   Google Scholar
• Und´en, P., Rontu, L., Järvinen, H., Lynch, P., Calvo, J. and co-authors. 2002. HIRLAM-5 Scientific Documentation. Available from Hirlam-5 Project, do Per Unden, SMHI, S-60176, Norrkoping, Sweden, 144 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ware, R., Alber, C., Rocken, C. and Solheim, F. 1997. Sensing integrated water vapor along GPS ray paths. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 417–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, X., Vandenberghe, F., Wang, B., Gorbunov, M. E., Kuo, Y.-H. and co-authors. 1999. A ray-tracing operator and its adjoint for the use of GPS/MET refraction angle measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D18), 22301–22318.
   Google Scholar