142
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A study on parametrization of orography-related momentum fluxes in a synoptic-scale NWP model

Pages 69-81 | Received 21 Feb 2005, Accepted 16 Sep 2005, Published online: 15 Dec 2016

References

  • Baines, P. 1998. Topographic effects in stratifiedflows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 482 pp.
  • Baines, P. and Palmer, T. 1990. Rationale for a new physically based parametrization of sub-grid scale orographic effects. ECMWF Tech. Memo 169. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire, UK
  • Beljaars, A. C. M., Brown, A. R. and Wood, N. 2004. A new parametriza-tion of turbulent orographic form drag. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 130, 1327–1347.
  • Boer, G. J., McFarlane, N. A., Laprise, R., Henderson, J. D. and Blanchet, J.-P. 1984. The Canadian Climate Centre spectral atmospheric general circulation model. Atmos. Ocean. 22, 397–429.
  • Brown, A. R. and Wood, N. 2001. Turbulent form drag on anisotropic three-dimensional orography. Bound. Lay. Met., 101, 229–241.
  • Cuxart, J., Bougeault, P. and Redelsberger, J. L. 2000. A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large-eddy simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 126, 1–30.
  • Davies, L. A. and Brown, A. R. 2001. Assesment of which scales of orography can be credibly resolved in a numerical model. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 127, 1225–1236.
  • Dörnbrack, A., Birner, T., Fix, A., Flentje, H., Meister, A., Schmid, H., Browell, E. and Mahoney, M. J. 2002. Evidence for intertia-gravity waves forming polar stratospheric clouds over Scandinavia. J. Geo-phys. Res. 107(D20), 8287, doi: 10.1029/2001JDO00452.
  • Fiedler, E and Panofsky, H. A. 1972. The geostrophic drag coefficient and the “effective” roughness length. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 98, 213–220.
  • Geleyn, J.-F., Bazile, E., Bougeault, P., Deque, M., Ivanovici, V. and coauthors 1994. Atmospheric parametrisation schemes in Meteo-France’s ARPEGE N. W. P. model. Proc. Seminar on Physical Parametrization for Numerical Models. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire, U.K., 385–402.
  • Georgelin, M., Bougeault, P., Black, T., Brzovic, N., Buzzi, A. and co-authors, 2000. The second COMPARE exercise: A model inter-comparison using a case of a typical mesoscale orographic flow, the PYREX I0P3. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 126, 991–1029.
  • Grant, A. L. M. and Mason, P. 1990. Observations of boundary-layer structure over complex terrain. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 116, 159–186.
  • Gregory, D., Shutts, G. J. and Mitchell, J. R. 1998. A new gravity-wave-drag scheme incorporating anisotropic orgraphy and low-level wave breaking: Impact upon the climate of the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 124, 463–493.
  • Hunt, C. R. and Snyder, W. H. 1980. Experiments on stably stratified flow over a model three-dimensional hill. J. Fluid Mech. 96,671–704.
  • Kim, Y.-J. and Arakawa, A. 1995. Improvement of orographic gravity wave parametrization using a mesoscale gravity wave model. J. Atm. Sci. 52, 1875–1902.
  • Kim, Y.-J. and Doyle, J. D. 2005. Extension of an orographic drag parametrization scheme to incorporate orographic anisotropy and flow blocking. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 131, 1893–1921.
  • Kim, Y.-J. and Hogan, T. F. 2004. Response of a global atmospheric model to various drag parametrizations. Tellus, 56A, 472–484.
  • Lenderlink, G. and Holtslag, B. 2004. An updated length scale formula-tion for turbulent mixing in clear and cloudy boundary layers. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 130, 3405–3427.
  • Lilly, D. K. 1972. Wave momentum flux-a GARP problem. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 53, 17–23.
  • Lindzen, R. S. 1981. Turbulence and stress due to gravity wave and tidal breakdown. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 9707–9714.
  • Lott, F. and Miller, M. 1997. A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 123, 101–127.
  • Louis, J. 1979. A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmo-sphere. Bound. Lay. Met. 17, 187–202.
  • Louis, J. F., Tiedtke, M. and Geleyn, J.-F. 1982. A short story of the PBL parameterization at ECMWF. Proceedings of the ECMWF Work-shop on Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization, 25-27 November 1981. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire, UK, 59–80.
  • Mason, P. J. 1985. On the parameterization of the orographic drag. Proc. Seminar on Physical parametrization for Numerical Models of the Atmosphere. ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire, UK, 139–165.
  • Nappo, C. J., Chun, H.-Y. and Lee, H.-J. 2004. A parametrization of wave stress in the planetary boundary layer for use in mesoscale models. Atm. Env. 38, 2665–2675.
  • Nielsen, N. W. and Sass, B. H. 2004. Rotation of the surface stress as a tool in parameterization of atmospheric turbulence. DMI Scientific Report 04-07, Available at http://www.dmi.dk.
  • Olafsson, H. and Bougeault, P. 1997. The effect of rotation and surface friction on orographic drag. J. Atm. Sci. 54, 193–210.
  • Palmer, T. N., Shuns, G. J. and Swinbank, R. 1986. Alleviation of a sys-tematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather pre-diction models through an orographic gravity-wave drag parametriza-tion. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 112, 1001–1039.
  • Raymond, W. H. 1988. High-order low-pass implicit tangent filters for use in finite area calculations. Mon. Wea. Rev. 116, 2132–2141.
  • Rontu, L., Sattler, K. and Sigg, R. 2002. Parametrization of subgrid-scale orography effects in HIRLAM. Technical Report 56, HIRLAM, 46pp. Available at http://hirlam.knmi.nl.
  • Scinocca, J. F. and McFarlane, N. A. 2000. The parametrization of drag induced by stratified flow over anisotropic orography. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 126, 2353–2393.
  • Smith, R. B. 1979. The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Adv. Geoph. 21, 87–230.
  • Smith, R. B., Jiang, Q. and Doyle, J. D. 2005. A theory of gravity wave absorption by boundary layers. Croatian Met. J. 40, 771–777.
  • Undén, P., Rontu, L., Järvinen, H., Lynch, P., Calvo, J. and co-authors, 2002. The HIRLAM-5 Scientific documentation. December 2002. Available at http://hirlam.knmi.nl.
  • USGS, 1997. The Global Land Characteristics Data Base. U.S. Geolog-ical Survey. Available at http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/glcc.html.
  • USGS, 1998. GTOP030, Global 30 ArcSecond Eleva-tion Data Set. U.S. Geological Survey. Available at http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/gtopo30.html
  • USGS, 2003. Hydrolk elevation derivative database. http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/gtopo30/hydro/readme.html
  • Webster, S., Brown, A. R., Cameron, D. R. and Jones, P. 2003. Improve-ments to the representation of orography in the Met Office Unified Model. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 129, 1989–2010.
  • Wilson, J. D. 2003. Representing drag on unresolved terrain as a dis-tributed momentum sink. J. Atm. Sci. 99, 1629–1637.
  • Wood, N., Brown, A. R. and Hewer, F. E. 2001. Parametrizing the effects of orography on the boundary layer: An alternative to ef-fective roughness lengths. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 127, 759–777.
  • Wood, N. and Mason, P. J. 1993. The pressure force induced by neu-tral, turbulent flow over hills. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 119, 1233–1267.