887
Views
285
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Arctic haze: current trends and knowledge gaps

, , , , &
Pages 99-114 | Received 20 Jun 2006, Accepted 25 Oct 2006, Published online: 18 Jan 2017

References

  • Albrecht, B. A. 1989. Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science 245, 1227–1230.
  • Barrie, L. A. 1996. Occurrence and trends of pollution in the Arctic troposphere. In: Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow (eds E. Wolff and R. C. Bales). NATO ASI Series 1: Global Environmental Change 43, Springer-Verslag, Heidelberg, pp. 93–130
  • Barrie, L. A., Hoff, R. M. and Daggupaty, S. M. 1981. The influence of mid-latitudinal pollution sources on haze in the Canadian Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1407–1419.
  • Blanchet, J.-P. and List, R. 1987. Estimation of optical properties of Arctic haze using a numerical model. Atmos.-Ocean 21, 444–464.
  • Blanchet, J.-P. and Girard, E. 1995. Water-vapor temperature feedback in the formation of continental Arctic air: implications for climate. Sci. Tot. Environ. 160/161, 793–802.
  • Bodhaine, B. A. 1989. Barrow surface aerosol: 1976-1986. Atmos. En-viron. 23, 2357–2369.
  • Bodhaine, B. A. and Dutton, E. G. 1993. A long-term decrease in Arctic haze at Barrow, Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20 (10), 947–950.
  • Borys, R. D. 1989. Studies of ice nucleation by Arctic aerosol on AGASP-II, J. Atmos. Chem. 9, 169–185.
  • Bowling, S. A. and Shaw, G. E. 1992. The thermodynamics of pollu-tion removal as an indicator of possible source areas for Arctic Haze. Atmos. Env. 26, 2953–2961.
  • Brock, C. A., Radke, L. E, Lyons, J. H. and Hobbs, P. V. 1989. Arctic hazes in summer over Greenland and the North American Arctic, I, Incidence and origins. J. Atmos. Chem. 9, 129–148.
  • Candelone, J.-P., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Hong, S., Davidson, C. I. and Boutron, C. E 1996. Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in present day Greenland snow. Sci. Tot. Environ. 193, 101–110.
  • Cess, C. R. 1983. Arctic aerosol: model estimates of the interactive influ-ences upon the surface-troposphere radiation budget. Atmos. Environ. 17, 2555–2564.
  • Clarke, A. D. 1989. In-stiu measurements of the aerosol size distribu-tions, physicochemistry, and light absorption properties of Arctic haze. J. Atmos. Chem. 9, 255–267.
  • Clarke, A. D. and Noone, K. J. 1985. Soot in the Arctic snowpack: a cause for perturbation in radiative transfer. Atmos. Environ. 19, 2045–1053.
  • Coakley, J. A., Jr. and Chylek, P. 1975. The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer: including the angle of the incident radiation. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 409–418.
  • Curry, J. A. 1995. Interactions among aerosols, clouds, and climate of the Arctic Ocean. Sci. Tot. Environ. 160/161, 777–791.
  • Curry, J. A. and Herman, G. E 1985. Infrared radiative properties of Arctic stratus clouds. J. Clim. Appl. Met. 24, 525–538.
  • Davidson, C. I. and co-authors. 1993. Chemical constituents in the air and snow at Dye 3, Greenland-1. Seasonal variations. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 2709–2722.
  • Delene, D. J. and Ogren, J. A. 2002. Variability of aerosol optical prop-erties at four North American surface monitoring sites. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 1135–1150.
  • Dibb, J. E., Talbot, R. W., Whitlow, S. I., Shipham, M. C., Winterle, J. and co-authors. 1996. Biomass burning signatures in the atmosphere and snow at Summit, Greenland: an event on 5 August 1994. Atmos. Environ. 30, 553–561.
  • Douglas, T. A. and Sturm, M. 2004. Arctic haze, mercury, and the chemi-cal composition of snow across northwestern Alaska. Atmos. Environ. 38, 805–820.
  • Dutton, E.G., DeLuisi, J. J. and Bodhaine, B. A. 1984. Features of aerosol optical depth observed at Barrow, March 10-20, 1983. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 385–388.
  • Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Beirle, S., Spichtinger, N., James, P. and co-authors. 2003. The north Atlantic Oscillation controls air pollu-tion transport to the Arctic. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1769–1778.
  • Emery, C. A., Haberle, R. and Ackermann, T. P. 1992. A one-dimensional modeling study of carbonaceous haze effects on the springtime Arctic environment. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 20599–20613.
  • Ferek, R. J., Hobbs, P. V., Radke, L. E.), Herring, J. A., Sturges, W. T. and co-authors. 1995. Dimethyl sulfide in the Arctic atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 26093-26 104.
  • Foster, J. S., Winchester, J. W. and Dutton, E. G. 1992. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 30, 793–798.
  • Fromm, M., Bevilacqua, R., Servrancks, R., Rosen, J., Thayer, J. P and co-authors. 2005. Pyro-cumulonimbus injection of smoke to the stratosphere: observations and impact of a super blowup in north-western Canada on 3-4 August 1998.1 Geophys. Res. 110, D08205, 10.1029/2004/JD005350.
  • Garrett, T. J., Radke, L. E and Hobbs, P. V. 2002. Aerosol effects on the cloud emissivity and surface longwave heating in the Arctic. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 769–778.
  • Garrett, T. J., Zhao, C., Dong, X., Mace, G. G and Hobbs, P. V. 2004. Ef-fects of varying aerosol regimes on low-level Arctic stratus. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, 10.1029/2004GL019928.
  • Gilbert, R. 0. 1987. Statistical methods for environmental pollution mon-itoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
  • Girard, E., Blanchet, J.-P. and Dubois, Y. 2005. Effects of Arctic sulphuric acid aerosols on wintertime low-level atmospheric ice crys-tals, humidity and temperature at Alert, Nunavut. Atm. Res. 73, 131–148.
  • Greenaway, K. R. 1950. Experiences with Arctic flying weather, Royal Meteorological Society Canadian Branch (Nov. 30, 1950), Toronto, Ontario.
  • Hansen, A. D. A. and Rosen, H. 1984. Vertical distribution of particulate carbon, sulphur and bromine in the Arctic haze and comparison with ground-level measurements at Barrow, Alaska. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 381–384.
  • Hansen, J. and Nazarenko, L. 2004. Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101(2), 423–428.
  • Heidam, N. Z., Christensen, J., Wahlin, P. and Skov, H. 2004. Arctic atmospheric contaminants in NE Greenland: levels, variations, origins, transport, transformations, and trends 1990-2001. Sci. Tot. Environ. 331(1-3), 5–28.
  • Heintzenberg, J. 1980. Particle size distribution and optical properties of Arctic haze. Tellus 32B, 251–260.
  • Heintzenberg, J. and Larssen, S. 1983. SO2 and SO4 in the Arctic. Inter-pretation of observations at three Norwegian Arctic-Subarctic stations. Tellus 35B, 255–265.
  • Heintzenberg, J., Tuch, T., Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., Wex, H. and co-authors. 2003. Arctic Haze over Central Europe. Tellus 55B, 796–807.
  • Herber, A. and co-authors. 2002. Continuous day and night aerosol op-tical depth observations in the Arctic between 1991 and 1999. J. Geo-phys. Res. 107(D10), 10.1029/2001JD000536.
  • Hillamo, R. E., Kerminen, V.-M., Maenhaut, W., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Bal-achandran, S. and co-authors. 1993. Size distributions of atmospheric trace elements at Dye 3, Greenland-1. Distribution characteristics and dry deposition velocities. Atmos. Environ. 27A(17–18), 2787-2803.
  • Hobbs, P. V. and Rangno, A. L. 1998. Microstructures of low and middle-level clouds over the Beaufort Sea. Q.J.R. Met. Soc. 124, 2035–2071. Hoff, R. M. 1988. Vertical structure of Arctic haze observed by Lidar. J. Appl. Met. 27, 125–139.
  • Hoff, R. M., L,eaitch, W. R., Fellin, P. and Barrie, L. A. 1983. Mass-size distributions of chemical constituents of the winter Arctic aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10947–10956.
  • Hopper, J. E., Worthy, D. E. J., Barrie, L. A. and Trivett, N. B. A. 1994. Atmospheric observations of aerosol black carbon, carbon dioxide and methane in the high Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 28, 3047–3054.
  • Hurrell, J. W. and Van Loon, H. 1997. Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Clim. Change 36,301–326.
  • Iversen, T. and Joranger, E. 1985. Arctic air pollution and large scale atmospheric flows. Atmos. Environ. 19, 2099–2108.
  • Jaffe, D., Iversen, T. and Shaw, G. 1995. Comment on “A long term decrease in Arctic haze at Barrow, Alaska” by BA. Bodhaine and E.G. Dutton. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (6), 739–740.
  • Kahl, J. D. and Hansen, A. D. A. 1989. Determination of regional sources of aerosol black carbon in the Arctic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 16(4), 327–330.
  • Kahl, J. D. 1990. Characteristics of the low-level temperature inversion along the Alaskan Arctic coast. Int. J. Climatol. 10, 537–548.
  • Kawamura, K., Kasukabe, H. and Barrie, L. A. 1996. Source and re-action pathways of dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, and dicarbonyls in Arctic aerosols: one year of observations. Atmos. Environ. 30, 1709–1722.
  • Klonecki, A., Hess, P., Emmons, L., Smith, L., Orlando, J. and co-authors. 2003. Seasonal changes in the transport of pollutants into the Arctic troposphere—model study. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8367. 10.1029/2002JD002199.
  • Koch, D. and Hansen, J. 2004. Distant origins of Arctic black carbon: a Goddard Institute for Space Studies Model Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 100, D04204, 10.1029/2004JD005296.
  • L,eaitch, W. R., Hoff, R. M., Melnichuk, S. and Hogan, A. 1984. Some physical and chemical properties of the Arctic winter aerosol in north-eastern Canada. J. Clim. Appl. Met. 23, 916–928.
  • L,eaitch, W. R., Hoff, R. M. and MacPherson, J. L. 1989. Airborne and Lidar measurements of aerosol and cloud particles in the troposphere over Alert Canada in April 1986. J. Atmos. Chem. 9(1-3), 187–212.
  • Leighton, H. 1983. Influence of the Arctic haze on the solar radiation budget. Atmos. Environ. 17, 2065–2068.
  • Li, S. M. and Bathe, L. A. 1993. Biogenic sulphur aerosols in the Arctic troposphere. 1. Contributions to sulphate. .1. Geophys. Res. 98D, 20 613-20 622.
  • Li, S. M., Bathe, L. A. and Sirois, A. 1993. Biogenic sulfate aerosol in the Arctic troposphere, 2, Trends and seasonal variations. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 20623–20631.
  • Macdonald, R. W., Hamer, T. and Fyfe, J. 2005. Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data. Sci. Tot. Environ. 342, 5–86.
  • MacCraken, M. C., Cess, R. D. and Potter, G. L. 1986. Climatic effects of anthropogenic Arctic aerosols: an illustration of climatic feedback mechanisms with one-and two-dimensional climate models. J. Geo-phys. Res. 91, 14445–14450.
  • Masclet, P., Hoyau, V., Jaffrezo, J. L. and Cachier, H. 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon deposition on the ice sheet of Greenland. Part 1: superficial snow. Atmos. Environ. 34, 3195–3207.
  • Meijer, S. N., Ockenden, W. A., Sweetman, A., Breivik, K., Grimalt, J. 0. and co-authors. 2003. Global distribution and budget of PCBs and HCB in background surface soils: implications for sources and environmental processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 667–672.
  • Mendonca, B. G., DeLuisi, J. J. and Schroeder, J. A. 1981. Arctic haze and perturbation in the solar radiation fluxes at Barrow, Alaska, Pro-ceedings from the 4th Conference on Atmospheric Radiation. Atm. Met. Sco., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp. 95–96.
  • Mitchell, M. 1956. Visual range in the polar regions with particular reference to the Alaskan Arctic. J. Atmos. Terrestrial Phys., Special Suppl.: 195–211.
  • Noone, K. J. and Clarke, A. D. 1988. Soot scavenging measurements in Arctic snowfall. Atmos. Environ. 22 (12), 2773–2779.
  • Ottar, B., Gotaas, Y., Hov, 0., Iversen, T., Joranger, E., and co-authors. 1986. Air pollutants in the Arctic. Final report of a research programme conducted on the behalf of British Petroleum, Ltd. The Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Kjeller, Norway, NILU OR 30/86. 80p.
  • Pacyna, J. M. and Ottar, B. 1988. Vertical distribution of aerosols in the Norwegian Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 22(10), 2213–2223.
  • Pacyna, J. M., Vitolis, V. and Hanssen, J. E. 1984. Size differentiated composition of the Arctic aerosol at Ny Alesund Zeppelin. Atmos. Environ. 18, 2447–2459.
  • Penkett, S. A., Blake, N. J., Lightman, P., Marsh, A. R. W., Anwyl, P. and co-authors. 1993. The seasonal variation of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over the North Atlantic Ocean: possible evi-dence for extensive reaction of hydrocarbons with the nitrate radical. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 2865–2885.
  • Polissar, A. V., Hopke, P. K., Paatero, P., Malm, W. C., Sisler, J. E 1998. Atmospheric aerosol over Alaska 2. Elemental composition and sources. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19045–19057.
  • Polissar, A. V., Hopke, P. K., Harris, J. M. 2001. Source regions for atmospheric aerosol measured at Barrow, Alaska. Environ. Sci. Tech. 35, 4214–4226.
  • Porch, W. M. and MacCracken, M. C. 1982. Parametric study of the effects of Arctic soot on the solar radiation. Atmos. Environ. 16, 1365–1371.
  • Pueschel, R. E and Kinne, S. A. 1995. Physical and radiative properties of Arctic atmospheric aerosols. Sci. Tot. Environ. 161, 811–824.
  • Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Miller, T. L., Coffman, D. J., Johnson, J. E. and co-authors. 2000. Surface submicron aerosol chemical com-position: what fraction is not sulfate? J. Geophys. Res. 105, 6785–6806.
  • Quinn, P. K., Miller, T. L., Bates, T. S., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E. and co-authors. 2002. A three-year record of simultaneously measured aerosol chemical and optical properties at Barrow, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (D11), 10.1029/2001JD001248.
  • Radke, E S., Lyons, J. H., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V. and Bailey, I. H. 1984. Airborne observations of Arctic aerosols, I, Characteristics of Arctic haze. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 393–396.
  • Rahn, K. A. 1989. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Arctic Air Chemistry. Atmos. Environ. 23(11), 2345–2347.
  • Rahn, K. A. and MacCaffrey, R. J. 1979. Long range transport of pol-lution aerosol to the Arctic. A problem without borders. Proc. WMO Symp. On the long range transport of pollutants and its relations to general circulation including stratospheric/tropospheric exchange processes, pp. 25-25, Sofia, 1-5 Oct 1980. WMO No. 538.
  • Rahn, K. A., Borys, R. and Shaw, G. E. 1977. The Asian source of Arctic haze bands. Nature 268, 713–715.
  • Rahn, K. A., Borys, R. D. and Shaw, G. E. 1981. Asian desert dust over Alaska: anatomy of an Arctic haze Episode, Desert Dust. In: Origin, Characteristic and Effect on Man, (edT. Pewe), Special paper No. 186, The Geol. Soc. Am.,Boulder, Colorado, pp. 37–70.
  • Ricard, V., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Kerminen, V.-M., Hillamo, R. E., Sillan-paa, M. and co-authors. 2002. Two years of continuous aerosol measurements in northern Finland. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (D11), 10.1029/2001JDO00952.
  • Ritter, C., Notholt, J., Fischer, J. and Rathke, C. 2005. Direct thermal radiative forcing of tropospheric aerosol in the Arctic measured by ground based infrared spectrometry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L23816, 10.1029/2005GL024331.
  • Salmi, T., Maatta, A., Anttila, P., Ruoho-Airola, T. and Amnell, T. 2002. Detecting trends of annual values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimates—the Excel template application MAKESENS, Publications on Air Quality, no. 31, FMI-AQ-31, FMI, Helsinki, Finland.
  • Scheuer, E., Talbot, R. W., Dibb, J. E., Seid, G. K., DeBell, L. and co-authors. 2003. Seasonal distributions of fine aerosol sulfate in the North American Arctic basin during TOPSE. .1. Geophys. Res. 108(D4), 8370, 10.1029/2001JDO01364.
  • Sen P.K. 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 63, 1379–1389.
  • Sharma, S., Lavoue, D., Cachier, H., Bathe, L. A., Gong, S. L. 2004. Long-term trends of the black carbon concentrations in the Canadian Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. 109, 10.1029/2003JD004331.
  • Sharma, S., Andrews, E., Bathe, L. A., Ogren, J. A. and Lavoue, D. 2006. Variations and sources of the equivalent black carbon in the High Arctic revealed by long term observations at Alert and Barrow: 1989-2003. J. Geophys. Res. 11, D14208, 10.1029/2005JD006581.
  • Sharp, M., Skidmore, M. and Nienow, P. 2002. Seasonal and spatial variations in the chemistry of a High Arctic supraglacial snow cover. J. Glaciology 48, 149–158.
  • Shaw, G. E. 1975. The vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols at Barrow, Alaska. Tellus 27, 39–50.
  • Shaw, G. E. 1981a. Eddy diffusion transport of Arctic pollution from the mid-latitudes: a preliminary model. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1483–1490.
  • Shaw, G. E. 1983. Evidence for a central Eurasian source area of Arctic haze in Alaska. Nature 299, 815–818.
  • Shaw, G. E. 1984. Microparticle size spectrum of Arctic haze. Geophys. Res. Lett. 11, 409–412.
  • Shaw, G. E. 1987. Aerosols as climate regulators: a climate biosphere linkage? Atmos. Env. 21, 985–1086.
  • Shaw 1995. The Arctic haze phenomenon. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 76, 2403–2413.
  • Shaw, G. E. and Wendler, G. 1972. Atmospheric turbidity measurements at McCall Glacier in northeast Alaska, Conference Proc. On Atmo-spheric Radiation, pp. 181-187, Fort Collins, Colorado. Am. Met. Soc., Boston.
  • Shaw, G. E. and Stamnes, K. 1980. Arctic haze: perturbation of the Polar radiation budget. Am. N.Y. Acad. Sci 338, 533–539.
  • Shaw, G. E., Stamnes, K. and Hu, Y. X. 1993. Arctic haze: perturbation to the radiation field, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 51, 227–235.
  • Shaw, G. E. 198 lb. Aerosol chemical components in Alaska air masses 1. Aged pollution and II sea salt and marine product. J. Geophy. Res. 96, 22357–22372.
  • Sirois, A. and Barrie, L. A. 1999. Arctic lower tropospheric aerosol trends and composition at Alert, Canada: 1980-1995. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 11599–11618.
  • Stocks, B. J. et al 1998. Climate change and forest fire potential in Russian and Canadian boreal forests. Clim. Change 38, 1–13.
  • Stohl, A. 2006. Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere. J. Geophysical Res. 111, D11306, 10.1029/2005JD006888.
  • Stone, R. S. 2002. Monitoring aerosol optical depth at Barrow, Alaska and South Pole; Historical overview, recent results, and future goals, Proceedings of the 9th Workshop Italian Research on Antarctic Atmosphere, Rome, Italy, 22-24, October, 2001, edited byM. Co-lacino, pp. 123-144, Ital. Phys. Soc., Bologna, Italy.
  • Stone, R. S., Dutton, E. G., Harris, J. M. and Longenecker, D. 2002. Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 107, d104089, 10.1029/2000JD000286.
  • Sturges, W. T. and Barrie, L. A. 1988. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine in Arctic aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 22, 1179–1194.
  • Sturges, W. T. and Shaw, G. E. 1983. Halogens in aerosols in central Alaska. Atmos. Environ. 27, 2969–2977.
  • Treffeisen, R. and co-authors 2004. Interpretation of Arctic aerosol prop-erties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area. Tellus 56B, 457–476.
  • Trivett, N. B. A., Barrie, L. A., Blanchet, J. P., Bottenheim, R. M., Hoff, R. M. and co-authors. 1989. An experimental investigation of Arctic haze at Alert, N.W.T., March 1985. Atmos. Ocean. 26, 341–376.
  • Twomey, S. 1977. The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 1149–1152.
  • Twomey, S. 1991. Aerosols, clouds and radiation. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 2435.
  • Valero, E P. J. and Ackerman, T. P. 1986. Arctic haze and radiation balance. In: Arctic Air Pollution (edB. Stonehouse), Cambridge Press, pp. 121–133.
  • Valero, E P. J., Ackerman, T. P. and Gore, W. J. R. 1989. The effects of the Arctic haze as determined from airborne radiometric measurements during AGASP II, J. Atmos. Chem. 9, 225–244.
  • Vestreng, V. 2003. Review and revision of emission data reported to CLR-TAP. EMEP/MSC-W Note 1. Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
  • Waggoner, A. P. and Weiss, R. E. 1980. Comparison of the fine particle mass concentration and light scattering extinction in ambient aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 14, 623–626.
  • Wania, F. 2003. Assessing the potential of persistent organic chemicals for long-range transport and accumulation in polar regions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 1344–1351.
  • Warren, S. G. and Wiscombe, W. J. 1980. A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II. Snow containing atmospheric aerosols. Aer. Sci. Tech. 4, 31–43.
  • Wiscombe, W. J. and Grams, G. W. 1976. The backscattered fraction in two-stream approximations. J. Atmos Sci. 33, 2440–2451.
  • Zhang, T., Stamnes, K. and Bowling, S. A. 1996. Impact of clouds on surface radiative fluxes and snowmelt in the Arctic and subarctic. J. Clim. 9,2110–2123.