Airborne measurements of dust layer properties, particle size distribution and mixing state of Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006

References

• d'Almeida, G. A. and Schiitz, L. 1983. Number, mass and volume dis-tributions of mineral aerosol and soils of the Sahara. J. Clim. AppL MeteoroL 22, 233–243.
   Google Scholar
• Ansmann, A., Mattis, I., Muller, D., Wandinger, U., Radlach, M. and co-authors. 2005. Ice formation in Saharan dust over central Europe observed with temperature/humidity/aerosol Raman lidar. J. Geophys. Res. 110, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Baumgardner, D., Dye, J. E., Gandrud, B. W. and Knollenberg, R. G. 1992. Interpretation of measurements made by the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-300) during the Airborne Arctic Strato-spheric Expedition. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 8035–8046.
   Google Scholar
• Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R. 1983. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Borrmann, S., Luo, B. and Mishchenko, M. 2000. Application of the T-matrix method to the measurement of aspherical (ellipsoidal) particles with forward scattering optical particle counters. J. Aerosol Sci. 31, 789–799.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. D. 1991. A thermo-optic technique for in situ analysis of size-resolved aerosol physicochemistry. Atmos. Environ. (Part A) 25, 635–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. D., Shinozulca, Y., Kapustin, V. N., Howell, S., Huebert, B. and co-authors. 2004. Size distributions and mixtures of dust and black carbon aerosol in Asian outflow: physiochemistry and optical properties. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D15509.
   Google Scholar
• Dubovilc, O., Holben, B., Eck, T. F., Smirnov, A., Kaufman, Y. J. and co-authors. 2002. Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations. J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 590–608.
   Google Scholar
• Esselborn, M., Wirth, M., Fix, A., Tesche, M. and Ehret, G. 2007. Air-borne high spectral resolution lidar for measuring aerosol extinction and bacicscatter coefficients. AppL Opt. 47, 346–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldpausch, P., Fiebig, M., Fritzsche, L. and Petzold, A. 2006. Measure-ment of ultrafine aerosol size distributions by a combination of diffu-sion screen separators and condensation particle counters. J. Aerosol Sci. 37, 577–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiebig, M. 2001. Das tmposphiirische Aerosol in mittleren Breiten—Mikrophysik, Optik und Klimaantrieb am Beispiel der Feld-studie LACE 98. Ph.D. thesis. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Miinchen.
   Google Scholar
• Fiebig, M., Stein, C., Schröder, F., Feldpausch, P. and Petzold, A. 2005. Inversion of data containing information on the aerosol particle size distribution using multiple instruments. J. Aerosol Sci. 36, 1353–1372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, J. E. 1971. Multiple scattering of polarized light in planetary atmospheres. Part II. Sunlight reflected by terrestrial water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 1400–1426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, T. and Choate, S. P. 1929. Statistical description of the size properties of non uniform particulate substances. J. Franklin Inst. 207, 369–387.
   Google Scholar
• Hauf, T. and Clark, T. L. 1989. Three-dimensional numerical experi-ments on convectively forced internal gravity waves. Q. J. R. Meteoml. Soc. 115, 309–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood, J. and Boucher, O. 2000. Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: a review. Rev. Geophys. 38, 513–543.
   Google Scholar
• Haywood, J., Francis, P., Osborne, S., Glew, M., Loeb, N., High-wood, E. and co-authors. 2003a. Radiative properties and direct radiative effect of Saharan dust measured by the C-130 aircraft during SHADE, 1: solar spectrum. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8577, 8510.1029/2002JDO02687.
   Google Scholar
• Haywood, J. M., Osborne, S. R., Francis, P. N., Keil, A., Formenti, P. and co-authors. 2003b. The mean physical and optical properties of regional haze dominated by biomass burning aerosol measured from the C-130 aircraft during SAFARI 2000. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8473, 8410.1029/2002JDO02226.
   Google Scholar
• Haywood, J. M., Allan, R. P., Culverwell, I., Slingo, T., Milton, S. and co-authors. 2005. Can desert dust explain the outgoing longwave radiation anomaly over the Sahara during July 2003? J. Geophys. Res. 110, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Heintzenberg, J. 2008. The SAMUM-1 experiment over Southern Morocco: overview and introduction. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00403.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, M., Koepke, P. and Schuh, I. 1998. Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: the software package OPAC. Bull. Am. MeteoroL Soc. 79, 831–844.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds, W. C. 1999. Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behaviour and Measurement of Airborne Particles. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2001. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Kaaden, N., Massling, A., Schladitz, A., Muller, T., Kandler, K., Schiitz, L. and co-authors. 2008. State of Mixing, Shape Factor, Number Size Distribution, and Hygroscopic Growth of the Saharan Anthro-pogenic and Mineral Dust Aerosol at Tinfou, Morocco. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00388.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kandler, K., Schiitz, L., Deutscher, C., Hofmann, H., Jäckel, S. and co-authors. 2008. Size distribution, mass concentration, chemical and mineralogical composition, and derived optical parameters of the boundary layer aerosol at Tinfou, Morocco, during SAMUM 2006. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00385.x.
   Google Scholar
• Knippertz, P., Deutscher, C., Kandler, K., Muller, T., Schulz, O. and Schiitz, L. 2007. Dust mobilization due to density currents in the Atlas region: Observations from the SAMUM 2006 field campaign. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D21109, 21110.21029/22007JD008774.
   Google Scholar
• Knippertz, R, Ansmann, A., Althausen, D., Muller, D., Tesche, M. and co-authors. 2008. Dust mobilization and transport in the Northern Sahara during SAMUM 2006—a meteorological overview. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00380.x.
   Google Scholar
• Koepke, P., Hess, M., Schult, I. and Shenle, E. P. 1997. Global Aerosol Data Set. MPI-Report No. 243. Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorol-ogy, Hamburg, 44 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mahowald, N. M., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Duce, R. A. and co-authors. 2005. Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 19, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Maring, H., Savoie, D. L., Izaguirre, M. A., Custals, L. and Reid, J. S. 2003. Vertical distributions of dust and sea-salt aerosols over Puerto Rico during PRIDE measured from a light aircraft. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8587, 8510.1029/2002JDO02544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, R. L., Tegen, I. and Perlwitz, J. 2004. Surface radiative forcing by soil dust aerosols and the hydrologic cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 109, 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorthy, K. K., Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S. K., Srinivasan, J. and Dutt, C. B. S. 2007. Dust absorption over the “Great Indian Desert” inferred using ground-based and satellite remote sensing. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D09206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickovic, S., Kallos, G., Papadopoulos, A. and Kakaliagou, O. 2001. A model for prediction of desert dust cycle in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 18113–18130.
   Google Scholar
• Otto, S., de Reus, M., Trautmann, T., Thomas, A., Wendisch, M. and co-authors. 2007. Atmospheric radiative effects of an in situ measured Saharan dust plume and the role of large particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7,4887–4903.
   Google Scholar
• Petzold, A., Rasp, K. Weinzierl, B., Esselborn, M., Hamburger, T. and co-authors. 2008. Saharan dust refractive index and optical properties from aircract-based observations during SAMUM 2006. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00383.x.
   Google Scholar
• Rasp, K, 2007. Spektrale Absorption und Brechungsindeac von Saha-rastaub - Ergebnisse der SAMUM-I Messkampagne. Diploma thesis. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Miinchen.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, J. S., Jonsson, H. H., Maring, H. B., Smirnov, A., Savoie, D. L. and co-authors. 2003a. Comparison of size and morphological measurements of coarse mode dust particles from Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8593, 8510.1029/2002JD002485.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, J. S., Kinney, J. E., Westphal, D. L., Holben, B., Welton, E. J. and co-authors. 2003b. Analysis of measurements of Saharan dust by airborne and ground-based remote sensing methods during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE). J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8586, 8510.1029/2002JDO02493.
   Google Scholar
• de Reus, M., Dentener, F., Thomas, A., Borrmann, S., Stroem, J. and co-authors. 2000. Airborne observations of dust aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during ACE 2: Indications for heterogeneous ozone destruction. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 15263–15275.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, D., Rudich, Y. and Lahav, R. 2001. Desert dust suppress-ing precipitation: a possible desertification feedback loop. PNAS 98, 5975–5980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, F. and Strom, J. 1997. Aircraft measurements of sub microm-eter aerosol particles (>7 nm) in the midlatitude free troposphere and tropopause region. Atmos. Res. 44, 333–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiitz, L. and Jaenicke, R. 1974. Particle number and mass distributions above 10-4cm radius in sand and aerosol of the Sahara Desert. J. AppL Met. 13, 863–870.
   Google Scholar
• Schiitz, L. and Jaenicke, R. 1978. Comprehensive study of physical and chemical properties of the surface aerosols in the Cape Verde Islands region. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3585–3599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolilc, I. N., Toon, O. B. and Bergstrom, R. W. 1998. Modeling the rediative characteristics of airborne mineral aerosols at infrared wave-lengths. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 8813–8826.
   Google Scholar
• Sokolilc, I. N., Winker, D. M., Bergametti, G., Gillette, D. A., Carmichael, G. and co-authors. 2001. Introduction to special section: outstanding problems in quantifying the radiative impacts of mineral dust. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 18015–18028.
   Google Scholar
• Strapp, J. W., Leaitch, W. R. and Liu, P. S. K. 1992. Hydrated and dried aerosol-size-distribution measurements from the particle mea-suring systems FSSP-300 probe and the deiced PCASP-100X probe. J. Atmos. Ocean. TechnoL 9, 548–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanre, D., Haywood, J., Pelon, J., Leon, J. F., Chatenet, B. and co-authors. 2003. Measurement and modeling of the Saharan dust radia-tive impact: overview of the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE). J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8574, 8510.1029/2002J1D003273.
   Google Scholar
• Tesche, M., Ansmann, A., Muller, D., Althausen, D., Mattis, I., Heese, B. and co-authors. 2008. Vertical profiling of Saharan dust with Raman lidars and airborne high-spectral-resolution lidar during SAMUM. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00390.x.
   Google Scholar
• Toledano, C., Wiegner, M., Garhammer, M., Seefeldner, M., Gasteiger, J. and co-authors. 2008. Spectral aerosol optical depth characterization of desert dust during SAMUM 2006. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00382.x.
   Google Scholar
• Toon, O. B. and Ackerman, T. P. 1981. Algorithms for the calculation of scattering by stratified spheres. Appl. Opt. 20, 3657–3660.
   Google Scholar
• Veihelmann, B., Konert, M. and Van Der Zande, W. J. 2006. Size dis-tribution of mineral aerosol: using light-scattering models in laser particle sizing. AppL Opt. 45, 6022–6029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virkkula, A., Ahlquist, N. C., Covert, D. S., Arnott, W. P., Sheridan, P. J. and co-authors. 2005. Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Sci. TechnoL 39, 68–83.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, F., Bortoli, D., Pereira, S., Costa, M., Silva, A. M. and co-authors. 2008. Properties of dust aerosol particles transported to Portugal from the Sahara desert. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j .1600-0889.2008.00393.x.
   Google Scholar
• Wiegner, M., Gasteiger, J., Kandler, K., Weinzierl, B., Rasp, K. and co-authors. 2008. Numerical simulations of optical properties of Sa-haran dust aerosols with emphasis on lidar applications. Tellus 61B, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00381.x.
   Google Scholar