Differentiating natural and anthropogenic cloud condensation nuclei in the California coastal zone

References

• Avey, L., Garrett, T. J. and Stohl. 2007. A. Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect using satellite, tracer transport model, and aircraft data from the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 10.1029/2006JD007581.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, T. C. and Bergstrom, R. W. 2006. Light absorption by carbona-ceous particles: an investigative review. Aerosol. Sci. TechnoL 40, 1–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenguier, J.-L., Pawlowska, H., Schuller, L., Preusker, R., Fischer, J. and co-authors. 2000. Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds: drop effective radius versus number concentration. J. Atmos. Sci. 57, 803–821.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, L.-W. A., Watson, J. G., Chow, J. C. and Magliano, K. L. 2007. Quantifying PM2.5 source contributions for the San Joaquin Valley with multivariate receptor models. Environ. Sci. TechnoL 41, 2818–2826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, M. D., Hopke, P. K., Barrie, L., Rippe, A., Olson, M. and co-authors. 1993. Qualitative determination of source regions of aerosol in Canadian high Arctic. Environ. Sci. TechnoL 27, 2063–2071.
   Google Scholar
• Durkee, P. A., Noone, K. J., Ferek, R. J., Johnson, D. W., Taylor, J. P. and co-authors. 2000. The impact of ship-produced aerosols on the microstructure and albedo of warm marine stratocumulus clouds. A test of the MAST hypothesis Li and Lii. J. Atmos. Sci. 57,2554–2569.
   Google Scholar
• Furutani, H., Dall' osto, M., Roberts, G. and Prather, K. A. 2008. Assess-ment of the relative importance of atmospheric aging on CCN activity derived from field measurements. Atmos. Environ. 42,3130–3142.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, S., Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S. and Jonsson, H. 2003a. Aerosol chemistry, and light-scattering and hygroscopicity budgets during ACE-Asia. J. Geophys. Res. 46, 55–88.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, S., Hegg, D. A., Hobbs, P. V., Kirchstetter, T. W., Magi, B. I. and co-authors. 2003b. Water-soluble organic compounds in aerosols as-sociated with svanna fires in southern Africa: identification, evolution and distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 10.1029/2002JDO02324.
   Google Scholar
• Gasso, S., Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Collins, D., Noone, K. J. and co-authors. 2000. Influence of humidity on the aerosol scattering co-efficient and its effect on the upwelling radiance during ACE-2. Tel/us 52B, 546–567.
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A. and Hobbs, P. V. 1992. Cloud condensation nuclei in the ma-rine atmosphere: a review. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Interna-tional Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols. Deepak Publishing, Hampton, VA, 181–192.
   Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S., Jonsson, H. and Covert, P. A. 2005. De-termination of the transmission efficiency of an aircraft aerosol inlet. Aerosol Sci. TechnoL 39, 966–971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegg, D. A., Covert, D. S. and Jonsson, H. H. 2008. Measurements of size-resolved hygroscopicity in the California coastal zone. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 7193–7203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, R. C. 2003. Multivariate receptor modeling by N-dimensional edge detection. Chemometrics Intel. Lab. Sys. 65, 179–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. G. 2007. Variability of the relationship between par-ticle size and cloud-nucleating ability. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, 10.1029/2006GL028850.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. G. and Li, H. 1995. Microphysical contrasts in Atlantic stratus. J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 3031–3040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. G., Garrett, T. J., Hobbs, P. V., Strader, S. R., Xie, Y. and co-authors. 2000. Cloud condensation nuclei in ship tracks. J. Atmos. Sci. 57, 2696–2706.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC, Climate Change. 2001. The Scientific Basis: Contributions of Working Group Ito the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC (eds J. T. Houghton and co-editors). Cambridge University Press, New York, 881pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ishizalca, Y. and Adhilcari, M. 2003. Composition of cloud condensation nuclei. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 10.1029/2002JDO02085.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, E., Hopke, P. K., Larson, T. V. and Covert, D. S. 2004. Analysis of ambient particle size distributions using unmix and positive matrix factorization. Environ. Sci. TechnoL 38, 202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. S., Collins, D. R., Runjun, L., Bowman, K. P. and Feingold, G. 2006. Expected impact of an aged biomass burning aerosol on cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet concentrations. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 10.1029/2005JD006464.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, B. J. 1971. The Physics of Clouds 2nd Edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 671.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hudson, P. K., Mathew, B. M. and co-authors. 2006. Single-particle mass spec-troscopy of tropospheric aerosol particles. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 10.1029/2006JD007340.
   Google Scholar
• Novakov, T. and Penner, J. E. 1993. Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations. Nature 365, 823–826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney, L., Leaitch, W. R., Lohmann, U., Boudries, H., Worsnop, D. R. and co-authors. 2006. Characterization of aerosol over the sub-arctic east Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., Partll 53, 2410–2433.
   Google Scholar
• Platnick, S. and Twomey, S. 1994. Determining the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in droplet concentration with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. J. AppL MeteoroL 33, 334–347.
   Google Scholar
• Platnick, S., Durkee, P. A., Nielsen, K., Taylor, J. P., Tsay, S.C. and co-authors. 2000. The role of background cloud microphysics in the radiative formation of ship tracks. J. Atmos. Sci. 57, 2607–2724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Carpio, C. A., Corrigan, C. E., Novakov, T., Penner, J. E., Rogers, C. F. and co-authors. 1996. Derivation of contributions of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols to cloud condensation nuclei from mass size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19483–19493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, G. and Nenes, A. 2005. A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for airborne measurements. Aerosol Sci. Tech-noL 39, 206–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, G., Mauger, G., Hadley, O and Ramanathan, V. 2006. North American and Asian aerosols over the eastern Pacific Ocean and their role in regulating cloud condensation nuclei. J. Geophys. Res. 111, 10.1029/2005JD006661.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, B., Hegg, D. A., Wang, J., Bates, D., Redemann, J. and co-authors. 2003. Column closure studies of the lower tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACEAsia using airborne sunphotome-ter, airborne in-situ and ship-based lidar measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8656, 10.1029/2002JD003361.
   Google Scholar
• Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. 1998. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1326.
   Google Scholar
• Simoneit, B. R.T., Schaur, J. J., Nolte, C. G., Oros, D. R., Elias, V. O. and co-authors. 1999. Levoglucsan: a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles. Atmos. Environ. 33, 173–182.
   Google Scholar
• Song, X.-H., Hopke, P. K., Fergenson, D. P. and Prather, K. A. 1999. Classification of single particles analyzed by ATOFMS using an ar-tifical neural network, ART-2A. Anal. Chem. 71, 860–865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey, S. and Squires, P. 1959. The influence of cloud nucleus popu-lation on the microstructure and stability of convective clouds. Tellus 11,408–411.
   Google Scholar
• Vestin, A., Rissler, J., Swietlicki, E., Frank, G. P. and Andreae, M. 0. 2007. Cloud-nucleating properties of the Amazonian biomass burning aerosol: cloud condensation nuclei measurements and modeling. J. Geophys. Res. 112, 10.1029/2006JD008104.
   Google Scholar
• Virkkula, A., Ahlquist, N. N., Covert, D. S., Arnott, W. R, Sheridan, P. J. and co-authors. 2005. Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Sci TechnoL 39, 68–83.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Jonsson, H. H., Coffins, D. R. and co-authors. 2002. Clear-column radiative closure during ACE-Asia: comparison of multiwavelength extinction derived from particle size and composition with results from sunphotometry. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (D23), 4688, 10.1029/2002JD002465.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, S. G., Hahn, C. J., London, J., Chervin, R. M. and Jenne, R. L. 1988. Global Distribution of Total Cloud Cover and Cloud type Amounts Over the Ocean. NCAR Technical Note NCARTIN-317±STR.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, R. D., Ellenson, W. D. and Conner, T. L. 2001. Monitoring and source apportionment of particulate matter near a large phosphorous production facility. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 51, 1142–1166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar