Spatially simulating changes of soil water content and their effects on carbon sequestration in Canada's forests and wetlands

References

• Amiro, B. D. and Chen J. M. 2003. Forest-fire-scar aging using spot-vegetation for Canadian ecoregions. Can. J. Forest Res. 33, 1116–1125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arain, M. A., Black, T. A., Barr, A. G., Jarvis, P. G., Massheder, J. M. and co-authors. 2002. Effects of seasonal and interannual climate variability on net ecosystem productivity of boreal deciduous and conifer forests. Can. J. Forest Res. 32, 878–891.
   Google Scholar
• Arora, V. K. 2003. Simulating energy and carbon fluxes over winter wheat using coupled land surface and terrestrial ecosystem models. Agric. Forest MeteoroL 118, 21–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldocchi, D. D. 1994. An analytical solution for coupled leaf photo-synthesis and stomatal conductance models. Tree PhysioL 14, 1069–1079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, J. T., Woodrow, I. E. and Berry, J. A. 1987. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photo-synthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Progress in Photosynthesis Research (ed. J. Biggins). Martinus Nijhoff Publish-ers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 221–224.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, A. G., Black, T. A., Hogg, E. H., Kljun, N., Morgenstern, K. and co-authors. 2004. Inter-annual variability in the leaf area index of a boreal aspen-hazelnut forest in relation to net ecosystem production. Agric. Forest MeteoroL 126, 237–255.
   Google Scholar
• Black, T. A., Chen, W. J., Barr, A. G., Arain, M. A., Chen, Z. and co-authors. 2000. Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1271–1274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, T. A., Denhartog, G., Neumann, H. H., Blanken, P. D., Yang, P. C. and co-authors. 1996. Annual cycles of water vapour and carbon dioxide fluxes in and above a boreal aspen forest. Global Change Biol. 2, 219–229.
   Google Scholar
• Bonan, G. B. 1995. Land atmosphere interactions for climate system models — coupling biophysical, biogeochemical, and ecosystem dy-namical processes. Remote Sens. Environ. 51, 57–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borken, W., Davidson, E. A., Savage, K., Gaudinski, J. and Trumbore S. E. 2003. Drying and wetting effects on carbon dioxide release from organic horizons. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67, 1888–1896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, S. L. and Schroeder P. E. 1999. Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern us forests. EcoL Appl. 9, 968–980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, G. S. and Norman J. M. 1998. An Introduction to Environ-mental Biophysics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 129–144.
   Google Scholar
• Caspersen, J. P., Pacala, S. W. J., Jenkins, C., Hurtt, G. C., Moorcroft, P. R. and co-authors. 2000. Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in us forests. Science 290, 1148–1151.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J. M., Liu, J., Cihlar, J. and Goulden, M. L. 1999. Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications. EcoL Modell. 124, 99–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J., Chen, W. J., Liu, J., Cihlar, J. and Gray S. 2000a. Annual carbon balance of Canada's forests during 1895-1996. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 839–849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W.J., Chen, J. M. and Cihlar, J. 2000b. An integrated terrestrial ecosystem carbon-budget model based on changes in disturbance, climate, and atmospheric chemistry. EcoL Modell. 135, 55–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W. J., Chen, J. M., Liu, J. and Cihlar, J. 2000c. Approaches for reducing uncertainties in regional forest carbon balance. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 827–838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. M., Ju, W. M., Cihlar, J., Price, D., Liu, J. and co-authors. 2003. Spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks in Canada's forests. Tellus B55, 622–641.
   Google Scholar
• Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogee, J. and co-authors. 2005. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437, 529–533.
   Google Scholar
• Cihlar, J., Xiao, Q., Chen, J. M., Beaubien, J., Fung K. and co-authors. 1998. Classification by Progressive Generalization: a new automated methodology for remote sensing multichannel data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 19, 2685–2704.
   Google Scholar
• Dai, A. and I. Y. Fung 1993. Can climate variability contribute to the “missing” CO2 sink? Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7 (3), 599–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, E. A., Belk, E. and Boone, R. D. 1998. Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest. Global Change Biol. 4, 217–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R. E., Michael, B. L. and Knappenberger P. C. 1999. A clima-tology of snowfall-temperature relationships in Canada. J. Geophys. Res. D 104, 11985–11994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, A. L., Barford, C. C., Wofsy, S. C., Golden, M. L. and Daube B. C. 2007. A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends. Global Change Biol. 13 (3), 577–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friend, A. D., Stevens, A. K., Knox, R. G. and Cannell, M. G. R. 1997. A process-based, terrestrial biosphere model of ecosystem dynamics (Hybrid V3.0). EcoL Modell. 95, 249–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frollcing, S., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., Richard, P. J. H., Lavoie, M. and co-authors. 2001. Modeling northern peatland decomposition and peat accumulation. Ecosystems 4, 479–498.
   Google Scholar
• Foley, J. A., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., Levis, S., Pollard, D. and co-authors. 1996. An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 603–628.
   Google Scholar
• Goulden, M.L., Munger, J. W., Fan, S. M., Daube, B. C. and Wofsy, S. C. 1996. Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability. Science 271 (5255), 1576–1578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham E. 1995. The biogeochemistry of northern peatlands and its pos-sible response to global warming. In: Biotic feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? (eds G. M. Woodwell and F. T. Mackenzie). Oxford University Press, New York, 169–187.
   Google Scholar
• Griffis, T. J., Black, T. A., Morgenstern, K., Barr, A. G., Nesic, Z. and co-authors. 2003. Ecophysiological controls on the carbon balances of three southern boreal forests. Agric. Forest MeteoroL 117, 53–71.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, E. A., Braswell, B. H., Lamarque, J. E, Townsend, A., Sulzman, J. and co-authors. 1997. Variations in the predicted spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and their impact on carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. J. Geophys. Res. D102, 15849–15866.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys, E. R., Black, T. A., Ethier, G. J., Drewitt, G. B., Spittle-house, D. L. and co-authors. 2003. Annual and seasonal variability of sensible and latent heat fluxes above a coastal Douglas-fir forest, British Columbia, Canada. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 115, 109–125. Humphreys, E. R., Lafleur, P. M., Admiral, S. W. and Roulet N. T. 2004. Contrasting the interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a northern peatland with the variability observed in northern forests. In: Proceedings of the 26th Conference on Agricul-tural and Forest Meteorology, August 23-27, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Infante, J. M., Damesin, C., Rambal, S. and Fernandez-Ales, R. 1999. Modelling leaf gas exchange in holm-oak trees in southern Spain. Agric. Forest MeteoroL 95, 203–223.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, P. G., Massheder, J. M., Hale, S. E., Moncrieff, J. B., Rayment, M. and co-authors. 1997. Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, wa-ter vapor, and energy exchanges of a boreal black spruce forest. J. Geophys. Res. D102, 28953–28966.
   Google Scholar
• Ju, W. M. and Chen J. M. 2005. Distribution of soil carbon stocks in Canada's forests and wetlands simulated based on drainage class, topography and remotely sensed vegetation parameters. HydroL Proc. 19, 77–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju, W. M., Chen, J. M., Black, T. A., Barr, A. G., McCaughey, J. H. and co-authors. 2006. Hydrological effects on C cycles of Canada's forests and wetlands. Tellus 58B, 16–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ju, W. M., Chen, J. W., Harvey, D. and Wang, S. Q. 2007. Future carbon balance of China's forests under climate change and increasing CO2. J. Environ. Manage. 85, 538–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju, W. M. and Chen, J. M. 2008. Simulating the effects of past changes in climate, atmospheric composition, and fire disturbance on soil carbon in Canada's forests and wetlands. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, 10.1029/2007GB002935.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall, M. K. 1975. Rank Correlation Methods. Charles Griffin, London.
   Google Scholar
• Kljun N., Black, T. A., Griffis, T. J., Barr, A. G., Gaumont-Guay, D. and co-authors. 2006. Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought. Ecosystems 9 (7), 1128-1144.
   Google Scholar
• Kucharilc, C. J., Foley, J. A., Delire, C., Fisher, V. A., Coe, M. T. and co-authors. 2000. Testing the performance of a dynamic global ecosys-tem model: water balance, carbon balance, and vegetation structure. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 795–825.
   Google Scholar
• Kurz, W. A., Apps, M. J., Webb, T. M. and McNamee, P. J. 1992. The C budget of the Canadian forest sector: Phase I. Forestry Canada. Canadian Forest Service, Information Report. NOR-X-326.
   Google Scholar
• Kurz W. A. and Apps M. J. 1999. A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector. EcoL AppL 9, 526–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frollcing, S. and Moore, T. R. 2003. Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 10.1029/2002GB001983.
   Google Scholar
• Lal, R. 2005. Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecol. Manage. 220, 242–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor, D. W. 1995. The effects of water deficit on photosynthesis. In: Environmental and Pant Metabolism-Flexibility and Acclimation (ed N. Smirnoff). Bioscience Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 129–160.
   Google Scholar
• Letts, M. G., Roulet, N. T., Comer, N. T., Skarupa, M. R. and Verseghy D. L. 2000. Parameterization of peatland hydraulic properties for the Canadian land surface scheme. Atmos.-Ocean 38, 141–160.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J. and Chen, W. J. 2002. Net primary productivity mapped for Canada at 1-km resolution. Global EcoL Biogeogr 11, 115–129.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Chen, J. M. and Cihlar, J. 2003. Mapping evapotranspiration based on remote sensing: an application to Canada's landmass. Water Resour Res. 39, 1189–1200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. and Talor J. A. 1994. On the temperature-dependence of soil respiration. Funct. EcoL 8,315–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, H. B. 1945. Non-parametric tests against trend. Econometric 13, 245–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P. 1999. Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part I: development of a 1961-90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. J. Clim. 12, 829–856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New, M., Hulme, M. and Jones, P. 2000. Representing twentieth-century space-time climate variability. Part II: development of 1901-96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. J. Clim. 13, 2217–2238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, W. J., Scurlock, J. M.O., Ojima, D. S., Gilmanov, T.G., Scholes, R. J. and co-authors.1993. Observations and modelling of biomass and soil organic matter dynamics for grassland biome worldwide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 785–809.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice I. C., Farquhar, G. D., Fasham, M. J. R., Golden, M. L., Heiman, M. and co-authors. 2001. The carbon cycle and atmosphere carbon dioxide. In: Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Third Assessment Report of the Intergov-ernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Rambal, S., Ourcival, J. M., Joffre, R., Mouillot, F., Nouvellon, Y. and co-authors. 2003. Drought controls over conductance and assimilation of a Mediterranean evergreen ecosystem: scaling from leaf to canopy. Global Change Biol. 9, 1813–1824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapalee, G., Trumbore, S. E., Davidson, E. A., Harden, J. W. and Veldhuis, H. 1998. Soil carbon stocks and their rates of accumula-tion and loss in a boreal forest landscape. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 687–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichstein, M., Tenhunen, J. D., Roupsard, O., Ourcival, J. M., Rambal, S. and co-authors. 2002. Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO2 and H20 fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses?. Global Change Biol. 8, 999–1017.
   Google Scholar
• Ro, C., Vet, R., Ord, D. and Holloway, A. 1995. National Atmospheric Chemistry Database 1993. Annual report, acid precipitation in eastern Northern America, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Saxton, K. E., Rawls, W. J., Romberger, J. S. and Papendick, R. I., 1986. Estimating generalized soil water characteristics from texture. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50, 1031–1036.
   Google Scholar
• Schimel, D., Melillo, J., Tian, H. Q., Mcguire, A. D., Kicklighter, D. and co-authors. 2000. Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States. Science 287, 2004–2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schut, P., Shields, J., Tarnocai, C., Coote, D. and Marshall, I. 1994. Soil landscapes of Canada-an environmental reporting tool. In: Cana-dian Conference on GIS Proceedings, 6-10 June, 1994, pp. 953-965. Ottawa.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J., Berry, J. A., Field, C. B. and co-authors. 1996. A revised land surface parameteiztion (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: model formulation. J. Clim. 9, 676–795.
   Google Scholar
• Siltanen, R. M., Apps, M. J., Zoltai, S. C., Mair, R. M. and Strong, W. L., 1997. A Soil Profile and Organic C Data Base for Canadian Forest and Tundra Mineral Soils. Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa, ON.
   Google Scholar
• Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J. G., Schuur, E. A. G., Kuhry, P. M. and Zimov, S. 2009. Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circum-polar permafrost region. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 23, GB2023, 10.1029/2008GB003327.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, P. E. and Running, S. W. 1999. An improved algorithm for es-timating incident daily solar radiation from measurements of tempera-ture, humidity, and precipitation. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 93,211–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolonen, K., Vasamder, H., Damman, A. W. H. and Clymo, R.S. 1992. Preliminary estimate of long term C accumulation and loss in 25 boreal peatlands. Suo 43, 277–280.
   Google Scholar
• Trumbore, S. E. and Harden, J. W. 1997. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the BOREAS northern study area. J. Geophys. Res. 102(D24), 28817–28830, 10.1029/97JDO2231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigmosta, M. S., Vail, L. W. and Lettenmaier D. P. 1994. A distributed hydrology-vegetation model for complex terrain. Water Resour. Res. 30, 1665–1679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. B., Vincent, L. A., Hogg, W. D. and Niitsoo A. 2000. Tem-perature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th Century. Atmos.-Ocean 38, 395–429.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. B., Harvey, K. D., Hogg, W. D. and Yuzyk, T.R. 2001. Trends in Canadian streamflow. Water Resour Res. 37, 987–998.
   Google Scholar
• Zoltai, S. C., Tarnocai C., Mills, G. F. and Veldhuis H. 1988a. Wetlands of subarctic Canada. In: Wetlands of Canada. Ecological Classifica-tion Series, NO. 24. Sustainable Development Branch, Environmental Canada and Polyscience Publications, Montreal, Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Zoltai, S. C., Taylor, S., Jeglum, J. K., Mills, G. F. and Johnson, J. D. 1988b. Wetlands of boreal Canada. In: Wetlands of Canada. Ecolog-ical Classification Series, NO. 24. Sustainable Development Branch, Environmental Canada and Polyscience Publications, Montreal, Quebec.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, X. W. and Arp, P. A. 1993. Predicting forest soil temperatures from monthly air-temperature and precipitation records. Can. J. Forest Res. 23, 2521–2536.
   Google Scholar