New technique to analyse global distributions of CO₂ concentrations and fluxes from non-processed observational data

References

• Apadula, E, Gotti, A., Pigini, A., Longhetto, A., Rocchetti, E and co-authors. 2003. Localization of source and sink regions of carbon dioxide through the method of the synoptic air trajectory statistics. Atmos. Environ. 37, 3757-3770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andres, R. J., Marland, G., Fung, I. and Matthews, E. 1996. A 1 x 1 degree distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel con-sumption and cement manufacture, 1950-1990. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10,419–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D. E, Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Rayner, P., Peylin, P. and co-authors. 2006. TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: impact of transport model errors on the interarmual variability of regional CO2 fluxes, 1988-2003. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20, GB1002, doi:10.1029/2004GB002439.
   Google Scholar
• Brenkert, A. L. 1998. Carbon dioxide emission estimates from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production, and gas flaring for 1995 on a one degree grid cell basis. (http://cdiac.esd.oml.gov/ndps/ ndp058a.html) Rep.NCP-058A, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., doi:10.334/CDIAC/ffe.ndp058.2003.
   Google Scholar
• Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Parker, B., Scheel, H. E. and Whittlestone, S. 2004. Baseline air mass selection at Cape Point, South Africa: application of 222Rn and other filter criteria to CO2. Atmos. Environ. 38 (33), 5693–5702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamard, P., Thiery, E, di Sarra, A., Ciattaglia, L., De Silvestri, L. and co-authors. 2003. Interarmual variability of atmospheric CO2 in the Mediterranean: measurements at the island of Lampedusa. Tellus 55B, 83-93.
   Google Scholar
• Ciattaglia, L., Cundari, V. and Colombo, T. 1987. Further measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mt. Cimone, Italy: 1979-1985. Tel-lus 39B, 13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ciattaglia, L., Colombo, T., Masarie, K. A. 1999. Continuous measure-ments of atmospheric CO2 at Jubany Station, Antarctica. Tellus 51B, 713–721.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, T. J., Lang, P. M. and Masarie, K. A. 2007. Atmospheric car-bon dioxide dry air mole fractions from the NOAA ESRL Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2006, Ver-sion: 2007-09-19, ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/event/.
   Google Scholar
• Eneroth K., Aalto, T., Hatakka, J., Holmen, K., Lourila, T. and co-authors. 2005. Atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide to a baseline monitoring station in northern Finland. Tellus 57B, 366-374.
   Google Scholar
• Engardt, M., Holmen, K. and Heintzenberg, J. 1996. Short-term varia-tions in atmospheric CO2 at Ny- Alesund, Spitsbergen, during spring and summer. Tellus 48B, 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Enting, I. 2002. Inverse Problems in Atmospheric Constituent Transport. Cambridge University Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Francey, R. J., Steele, L.P., Langenfelds, R.L., Lucarelli, M. P., Allison, C. E. and co-authors. 1993. Global Atmospheric Sampling Labo-ratory (GASLAB): supporting and extending the Cape Grim trace gas programs. In: Baseline Atmospheric Program (Australia) 1993. Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Re-search, Melbourne, Australia, 1996, 8-29.
   Google Scholar
• Francey, R. J., Steele, L.P., Spencer, D.A., Langenfelds, R.L., Law, R. M. and co-authors. 2003. The CSIRO (Australia) measurement of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere. In: Report of the I I th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques, Tokyo, Japan, September 2001 (eds.T. Sasaki and K. Suda). World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch, 97-111.
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, K., Law, R., Rayner, P. and Denning, A. S. 2000. TransCom 3 Experimental Protocol. Department of Atmospheric Science, Col-orado State University, USA, 707.
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. and co-authors. 2002. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 415 (6872), 626-630.
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S., Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. and co-authors. 2004. Transcom 3 inversion intercomparison: model mean results for the estimation of seasonal carbon sources and sinks. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18(1), GB1010, doi:10.1029/2003GB002111.
   Google Scholar
• Gurney, K. R., Baker, D., Rayner, P. and Denning, S. 2008. Interannual variations in continental-scale net carbon exchange and sensitivity to observing networks estimated from atmospheric CO2 inversions for the period 1980 to 2005, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB3025, doi:10.1029/2007GB003082.
   Google Scholar
• Haszpra, L., Barcza, Z., Bakwin, P. S., Berger, B. W., Davis, K. J. and co-authors. 2001. Measuring system for the long-term monitoring of biosphere/atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide. J. Geophys. Res. 106D, 3057-3070.
   Google Scholar
• Higuchi, K., Worthy, D., Chan, D., Shashkov, A. 2003. Regional source/sink impact on the diurnal, seasonal and inter-annual varia-tions in atmospheric CO2 at a boreal forest site in Canada. Tellus 55B, 115–125.
   Google Scholar
• IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007. In: The Physical Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group Ito the Forth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, H. L. 1974. Further studies of the parameterization of the influ-ence of cumulus convection on large scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1232–1240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law R. M., Peters, W., Rodenbeck, C., Aulagnier, C., Baker, I. and co-authors. 2008. Transcom Model simulation of hourly atmospheric CO2: experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB 3009, doi:10.1029/2007GB003050.
   Google Scholar
• Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Sawa, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Kondo, N. and co-authors. 2008. Worldwide measurements of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gas species using commercial airlines. Atmos. Oceanic. TechnoL 25/10, 1744–1754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marland, G., Boden, T. A. and Andres, R. J. 2007. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions. In: Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Matsueda, H., Inoue, H. Y. and Ishii, M. 2002. Aircraft observation of carbon dioxide at 8-13 km altitude over the western Pacific from 1993 to 1999. Tellus 54B, 1-21.
   Google Scholar
• Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T. 1974. A hierarchy of turbulence clo-sure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci. 31, 1791–1806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalak, A. M., Hirsch, A., Bruhwiler, L., Gurney, K. R., Peters, W. and co-authors. 2005. Maximum likelihood estimation of covariance parameters for Bayesian atmospheric trace gas surface flux inversions. J. Geophys. Res. 110, D24107, doi:10.1029/2005JD005970.
   Google Scholar
• Miyazaki, K., 2009. Performance of a local ensemble transform Kalman filter for the analysis of atmospheric circulation and distribution of long-live tracers under idealized conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 114, D19304, doi:10.1029/2009JDO11892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazawa, T., Miyashita, K., Aoki, S. and Tanaka, M. 1991. Temporal and spatial variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide. Tellus 43B, 106–117.
   Google Scholar
• Navascues, B. and Rus, C. 1991. Carbon dioxide observations at Izafia baseline station, Tenerife (Canary Islands): 1984-1988. Tellus 43B, 118–125.
   Google Scholar
• NOAA. 2007. GLOBALVIEW-0O2, Cooperative Atmospheric Data In-tegration Project -Carbon Dioxide, CD-ROM, NOAA CMDL, Boul-der, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Onogi, K., Tsutsui, J., Koide, H., Sakamoto, M., Kobayashi, S. and co-authors. 2007. The JRA-25 Reanalysis. J. Meteor Soc. Jpn. 85, 369-432.
   Google Scholar
• Paramonova, N. N., Privalov, V. I. and Reshetnikov, A. I. 2001. Car-bon dioxide and methane monitoring in Russia. Izvestia of Russian Academy of Science. Atmos. Ocean Phys. 37 (1), 38–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patra, P. K., Law, R. M., Peters, W., Rodenbeck, C., Takigawa, M. and co-authors. 2008. TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO2: analysis of synoptic scale variations for the period 2002-2003, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB4013, doi:10.1029/2007GB003081.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, W., Jacobson, A. R., Sweeney, C., Andrews, A. E., Conway, T. J. and co-authors. 2007. An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker. PNAS 104(48), 18925-18930.
   Google Scholar
• Randerson, J. T., Thompson, M. V., Conway, T. J., Fung, I. Y. and Field, C. B. 1997. The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 535-560.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, P. J., Enting, I. G., Francey, R. J. and Langenfelds, R. L. 1999. Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, dl3C and 02/N2 observations. Tellus 51B, 213–232.
   Google Scholar
• Rodenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M. and Heimann, M. 2003. CO2 flux history 1982-2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3,2575–2659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodenbeck, C., Conway, T. J. and Langenfelds, R. L. 2006. The effect of systematic measurement errors on atmospheric CO2 inversions: a quantitative assessment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 149–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki, T., Maki, T., Oohashi, S. and Akagi, K. 2003. Optimal sampling network and availability of data acquired at inland sites. Global Atmos. Watch Rep. Ser 148, 77–79.
   Google Scholar
• Shibata, K., Yoshimura, H. H., Ohizumi, M., Hosaka, M. and Sugi, M. 1999. A simulation of troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere with MRI/JMA98 GCM. Papers Meteor Geophys. 50, 15–53.
   Google Scholar
• Sugi, M., Kuma, K., Tada, K., Tamiya, K., Hasegawa, N. and co-authors. 1990. Description and performance of the JMA operational global spectral model (JMA-G5M88). Geophys. Magn. 43, 105-130.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, B., Gurney, K., Tans, P., Sweeney, C., Peters, W. and co-authors. 2007. Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2. Science 316, 1732–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantola, A. 1987. Chapter 4 in: Inverse Problem Theory: Methods for Data Fitting and Parameter Estimation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, T., Wanninkhof, R. H., Feely, R. A., Weiss, R. E, Chipman, D. W. and co-authors. 1999. Net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans: an improved estimate based on the sea-air pCO2 difference. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium: CO2 in the Oceans, the 12th Global Environmental Tsukuba, 18-22 January 1999 (ed.Y. Nojiri).Tsukuba Center of Institutes, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Environment Agency of Japan, Tokyo.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe, E, Uchino, O., Joo, Y., Aono, M., Higashijima, K. and co-authors. 2000. Interannual variation of growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration observed at the JMA's three monitoring stations: large increase in concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in 1998. J. MeteoroL Soc. Jpn. 78, 673-682.
   Google Scholar
• WMO. 2000. World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) Data Summary. WDCGG No. 22.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, C. L. and Tans, P. P. 2006. Estimating uncertainty of the WMO mole fraction scale for carbon dioxide in air. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D08509, doi:10.1029/2005JD006003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar