446
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

North American gross primary productivity: regional characterization and interannual variability

, &
Pages 533-549 | Received 31 Dec 2009, Accepted 01 Jul 2010, Published online: 18 Jan 2017

References

  • Adler, R. E, Huffman, G. J., Chang, A., Ferraro, R., Xie, P. and co-authors. 2003. The Version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979-Present). J. Hydrome-teor 4, 1147-1167.
  • Baker, D. E, Law, R. M., Gurney, K. R., Rayner, P., Peylin, P. and co-authors. 2006. TransCom 3 inversion intercomparison: impact of transport model errors on the interannual variability of regions CO2 fluxes, 1988-2003. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, GB1002, doi:10.1029/2004GB002439.
  • Baker, I. T., Denning, A. S., Hanan, N., Prihodko, L., Vidale, P.-L. and co-authors. 2003. Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat and CO2 at the WLEF-TV Tower using SiB2.5. Global Change Biol. 9, 1262-1277.
  • Baker, I. T., Prihodko, L., Denning, A. S., Goulden, M., MilIler, S. and co-authors. 2008. Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: rec-onciling models and observations. J. Geophys. Res. 113, GOOB01, doi:10.1029/2007JG000644.
  • Ball, J. T., Woodrow, I. E. and Berry, J. A. 1987. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photo-synthesis under different environmental conditions. Prog. Photosyn. Res. IV, ISBN 9024734533, J. Biggens ed., Hijhoff Publishers, the Netherlands.
  • Bamston, A. G. and Livezy, R. E. 1987. Classification, seasonality, and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev. 115 (6), 1083–1126.
  • Brown, M. E., Pinzon, J. and Tucker, C. J. 2004. New vegetation in-dex dataset available to monitor global change. EOS Trans. 85, 565, doi:10.1029/2004E0520003.
  • Bretherton, C. S., Widmann, M., Dymnikov, V. P., Wallace, J. M. and Blade, I. 1998. The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field. J. Clim. 12, 1990–2009.
  • Buermann, W., Anderson, B., Tucker, C. J., Dickinson, R. E., Lucht, W. and co-authors. 2003. Interannual covariability in Northern Hemi-sphere air temperatures and greenness associated with El Nifio-Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 108(D13), 4396, 1029/2002/JD002630
  • Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C. and Berry, J. A. 1991. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthe-sis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agric. Forest Meteor. 54, 107–136.
  • Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M. and Berry, J. A. 1992. Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants. Aust. J. Plant PhysioL 19 (5), 519–538.
  • Colello, G. D., Grivet, C., Sellers, P. J. and Berry, J. A. 1998. Modelling of energy, water and CO2 flux in a temperate grassland ecosystem with SiB3: May-October 1987. J. Atmos. Sci. 55,1141–1169.
  • Corbin, K. D., Denning, A. S., Lu, L., Wang, J.-W. and Baker, I. T. 2008. Possible representation errors in inversions of satellite CO2 retrievals. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D02301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008716.
  • Costa, M. H. and Foley, J. A. 1998. A comparison of precipitation datasets for the Amazon basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (2), 155–158.
  • Cotton, W. R., PieIke, R. A., Walko, R. L., Liston, G. E., Tremback, C. J. and co-authors. 2003. RAMS 2001: current status and future directions. MeteoroL Atmos. Phys. 82, 5-29.
  • Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A. and Totterdell, I. J. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedback in a coupled climate model. Nature 408, 184-187.
  • Dai, Y., Zeng, X., Dickinson, R. E., Baker, I., Bonan, G. and co-authors. 2003. The common land model (CLM). B. Am. MeteoroL Soc. 84, 1013-1023.
  • DeFries, R. S. and Townshend, J. R. G. 1994. NDVI-derived land cover classification at a global scale. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15 (17), 3567–3586.
  • Denning, A. S., Collatz, G. J., Zhang, C., Randall, D. A., Berry, J. A. and co-authors. 1996. Simulations of terrestrial carbon metabolism and atmospheric CO2in a general circulation model. Part 1: Surface carbon fluxes. Tellus B 48B, 521-542.
  • Denning, A. S., Nicholls, M., Prihodko, L., Baker, I., Vidale, P.-L. and co-authors. 2003. Simulated and observed variations in atmospheric CO2 over a Wisconsin forest using a coupled ecosystem-atmosphere model. Global Change Biol. 9, 1241-1250.
  • Enfield, D. B. and Birkes, D. S. 1993. Probabilistic outlooks for El Nifio recurrences. Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Notes, No. 11,1–4, April 1993.
  • Farquhar, G. D., von Caemmerer, S. and Berry, J. A. 1980. A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149, 78–90.
  • Flanagan, L. B., Weyer, L.A. and Carlson, P. J. 2002. Seasonal and interannual variation in carbon dioxide exchange and carbon balance in a northern temperate grassland. Global Change Biol. 8, 599–615.
  • Gao, Z., Chae, N., Kim, J., Hong, J., Choi, T. and co-authors. 2004. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature, and soil wetness in the Tibetan prairie using the Simple Biosphere Model 2 (SiB2). J. Geophys. Res. 109, D06102, doi:10.1029/2003JDO04089.
  • Global Soil Data Task Group. 2000. Global Gridded Surfaces of Se-lected Soil Characteristics (IGBP-DIS). [Global Gridded Surfaces of Selected Soil Characteristics (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme—Data and Information System)]. Data set. Available at: http://www.daac.oml.gov from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/569.
  • Gu, L., Baldocchi, D., Verma, S. B., Black, T. A., Vesala, T. and co-authors. 2002. Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D6), doi:10.1029/2001J1)001242.
  • Gurney, K. R., Law, R. M., Denning, A. S. Rayner, P. J., Baker, D. and co-authors. 2002. Towards robust regional estimates of CO2 sources and sinks using atmospheric transport models. Nature 415, 626-629.
  • Gurney, K. R., Baker, D., Rayner, P. and Denning, A. S. 2008. Interan-nual variations in continental-scale net carbon exchange and sensitiv-ity to observing networks estimated from atmospheric CO2 inversions for the period 1980 to 2005. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 22, GB3025, doi:10.1029/2007GB003082.
  • Hanan, N. P., Berry, J. A., Verma, S. B., Walter-Shea, E. A. Suyker, A. E. and co-authors. 2005. Testing a model of CO2, water and en-ergy exchange in Great Plains tallgrass prairie and wheat ecosystems. Agric. Forest Meteor. 131, 162-179.
  • Higgins, R. W., Chen, Y. and Douglas, A. V. 1999. Interarmual variability of the North American warm season precipitation regime. J. Clim. 12, 653–680.
  • Hurrell, J. W. 1995. Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269, 676-679.
  • Hurrell, J. W., Kushnir, Y. and Visbeck, M. 2001. The North Atlantic Oscillation. Science 291, 603–605.
  • IPCC (2007), Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds.Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, 996 pp.
  • Jackson, R. B., Canadell, J., Ehleringer, J. R., Mooney, H. A., Sala, 0. E. and co-authors. 1996. A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia 180 (3), 389-411.
  • Jassal, R. S., Black, T. A., Spittlehouse, D. L., Brammer, C. and Nesic, Z. 2009. Evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency in different-aged Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir stands. Agric. Forest Meteor 149, 1168–1178.
  • Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven and co-authors. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 77 (3), 437-471.
  • Kanamitsu, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Woollen, J., Yang, S.-K., Hnilo, J. J. and co-authors. 2002. NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc. 83 (11), 1631-1643.
  • Keeling, C. D. and Whorf, T. P., Whalen, M. and vanderPlicht, J. 1995. Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature 375, 666-670.
  • Kjelgaard, J. E, Heilman, J. L., McInnes, K. J., Owens, M. K. and Kamps, R. H. 2008. Carbon dioxide exchange in a subtropical mixed C3/C4 grassland on the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Agric. Forest Meteor 148, 953–963.
  • Mauget, S. A. 2003. Intra- to multidecadal climate variability over the continental United States: 1932-99. J. Clim. 16, 2215–2231.
  • Meyers, T. P. 2001. A comparison of summertime water and CO2 fluxes over rangeland for well watered and drought conditions. Agric. Forest Meteor 106, 205–214.
  • Nicholls, M. E., Denning, A. S., Prihodko, L., Vidale, P.-L. Baker, I. T. and co-authors. 2004. A multiple-scale simulation of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide using a coupled biosphere-atmosphere model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 109, D18117, doi:10.1029/2003JD004482.
  • Niyogi, D., Chang, H.-I. Saxena, V. K., Holt, T., Alapaty, K. and co-authors. 2004. Direct observation of the effects of aerosol loading on net ecosystem CO2 exchanges over different landscapes. Geophys, Res. Lett. 31, L20506, doi:10.1029/2004GL020915.
  • North, G. R., Bell, T. L., Cahalan, R. E and Moeng, E J. 1982. Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 699-706.
  • Oeschger, H., Seigenthaler, U., Schotterer, U. and Gugelman, A. 1975. A box diffusion model to study the carbon dioxide exchange in nature. Tellus 17 (2), 168–192.
  • Peters, W., Jacobsen, A. R., Sweeney, C., Andrews, A. E., Conway, T. J. and co-authors. 2007. An atmospheric perspective on north Amer-ican carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 104 (48), 18 925-18 930, doi:10.1073/pnas.0708986104.
  • Pielke, R. A., Cotton, W. R., Walko, R. L., Tremback, C. J., Lyons, W. A. and co-authors. 1992. A comprehensive meteorological modeling system: RAMS. MeteoroL Atmos. Phys. 49, 69-91.
  • Pinzon, J., Brown, M. E. and Tucker, C. J. 2006. Satellite time series correction of orbital drift artifacts using empirical mode decomposi-tion. In: Applications of Empirical Mode Decomposition, Chapter 10, Part II, ed. N. Huang.
  • Quadrelli, R. and Wallace, J. M. 2004. A simplified linear framework for interpreting patterns of northern hemisphere wintertime climate variability. J. Clim. 17 (19), 3728–3744.
  • Randall, D. A., Dazlich, D. A., Zhang, C., Denning, A. S., Sellers, P. J. and co-authors. 1996. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for GCMs. Part BI: The greening of the Colorado State University general circulation model. J. Clim. 9 (4), 738-763.
  • Rasmussen, E. M. and Carpenter, T. H. 1982. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associate with the southern oscillation/E1 Nino. Mon. Wea. Rev. 110, 354–384.
  • Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Dail, D. B., Lee, J. T., Munger, J. W. and co-authors. 2009. Influence of spring phenology on seasonal and annual carbon balance in two contrasting New England forests. Tree PhysioL 29, 321-331, doi:10.1093/treephys/tpn040.
  • Rodenbeck, C., Houweling, S., Gloor, M. and Heimann, M. 2003. CO2 flux history 1982-2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1919–1964.
  • Roderick, M. L., Farquhar, G. D., Berry, S. L. and Noble, I. R. 2001. On the direct effect of clouds and atmospheric particles on the productivity and structure of vegetation.Oecologia, 129, 21-30, doi:10.1007/s004420100760.
  • Russell, J. L. and Wallace, J. M. 2004. Annual carbon dioxide drawdown and the Northern Annular Mode. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18, GB1012, doi:10.1029/2003GB002044.
  • Sato, N., Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Schneider, E. K., Shukla, J. and co-authors. 1989. Implementing the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) in a General Circulation Model: Methodologies and results. NASA Contractor Report 195509, 76pp.
  • Schaefer, K., Denning, A. S., Suits, N., Kaduk, J., Baker, I. and co-authors. 2002. Effect of climate on interarmual variability of terrestrial CO2 fluxes. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16 (4), 1102, doi:10.1029/2002GB001928.
  • Schaefer, K., Collatz, G. J., Tans, P., Denning, A. S., Baker, I. and co-authors. 2008. The combined Simple Biosphere/Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (SiB CASA) terrestrial carbon cycle model. J. Geo-phys. Res. 113, G03034, doi:10.1029/2007JG000603.
  • Sellers, P. J., Mintz, Y., Sud, Y. C. and Dalcher, A. 1986. A Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) for use within General Circulation Models. J. Atmos. Sci. 43 (6), 505–531.
  • Sellers, P. J. and Dorman, J. L., 1986. Testing the Simple Biosphere Model (SiB) using point micrometeorological and biophysical data. L. Clim. AppL Meteor 26, 622–650.
  • Sellers, P. J., Berry, J. A., Collatz, G. J., Field, C. B. and Hall, E G. 1992. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration BI. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme. Remote Sens. Environ. 42, 187–216.
  • Sellers, P. J., Randall, D. A., Collatz, G. J., Berry, J. A., Field, C. B. and co-authors. 1996a. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: Model formulation. J. Clim. 9 (4), 676-705.
  • Sellers, P. J., Los, S O., Tucker, C. J., Justice, C. O., Dazlich, D. A. and co-authors. 1996b. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part II: The generation of global fields of terrestrial biophysical parameters from satellite data. J. Clim. 9 (4), 706-737.
  • Sellers, P. J., Dickinson, R. E., Randall, D. A., Betts, A. K., Hall, E G. and co-authors. 1997. Modeling the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between continents and the atmosphere. Science 275, 502-509.
  • Sheppard, P. R., Comrie, A. C., Packin, G. D., Angersbach, K. and Hughes, M. K. 2002. The climate of the US Southwest. Clim. Res. 21, 219–238.
  • Tans, P. P., Fung, I. Y. and Takahashi, T. 1990. Observational con-straints on the global atmospheric CO2 Budget. Science 247 (4949), 1431–1438.
  • Thompson, D. W. J. and Wallace, J. M. 2000. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: month-to-month variability. J. Clim. 13, 1000–1016.
  • Tucker, C. J., Pinzon, J., Brown, M. E., Slayback, D. A., Pak, E. W. and co-authors. 2005. An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI data set compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI data. Int. J. Rem. Sens. 26 (20), 4485-4498.
  • Urbanski, S., Barford, C., Wofsy, S., Kucharik, C., Pyle, E. and co-authors. 2007. Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest. J. Geophys. Res. 112, G02020, doi:10.1029/2006JG000293.
  • Vidale, P. L. and Stockli, R. 2003. Prognostic canopy air solutions for land surface exchanges. Theor AppL ClimatoL 80, 245–257.
  • Wang, J.-W., Denning, A. S., Lu, L., Baker, I. T., Corbin, K. D. and co-authors. 2007. Observations and simulations of synoptic, regional, and local variations in atmospheric CO2. J. Geophys. Res. 112, D04108, doi:10.1029/2006JDO07410.
  • Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S. 1993. Monitoring ENSO in GOADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index. In: Proceedings of the 17th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK, NOAA/NMC/CAC, NSSL, Oklahoma Climate Survey, CIIVIMS and the School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, 52-57.
  • Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S. 1998. Measuring the strength of ENSO events - how does 1997/98 rank? Weather 53, 315–324.
  • Zhang, C., Dazlich, D. A., Randall, D. A., Sellers, P. J. and Denning, A. S. 1996. Calculation of the global land surface energy, water and CO2 fluxes with an off-line version of SiB2. J. Geophys. Res. 101(D14), 19 061-19 075.
  • Zhang, K., Kimball, J. S., Zhao, M., Oechel, W. C., Cassano, J., and co-authors. 2007a. Sensitivity of pan-Arctic terrestrial net primary productivity simulations to daily surface meteorology from NCEP-NCAR and ERA-40 reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res. 112, G01011, doi:10.1029/2006JG000249.
  • Zhang, L., Wylie, B., Loveland, T., Fosnight, E., Tieszen, L. L. and co-authors. 2007b. Evaluation and comparison of gross primary pro-duction estimates for the Northern Great Plains grasslands. Remote Sens. Environ. 106, 173-189.
  • Zhao, M. and Running, S. W., 2006. Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res., 112, G01002, doi:10.1029/2004JG000004.
  • Zhou, L., Tucker, C. J., Kaufmann, R. K., Slayback, D., Shabanov, N. V. and co-authors. 2001. Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999. J. Geophys. Res. 106(D17), 20,069-20,083.