Contrasting climate change in the two polar regions

References

• Abdul A.O. & Burn D.H. 2006. Trends and variability in the hydrological regime of the Mackenzie River Basin. Journal of Hydrology 319, 282–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki S. 2002. Coherent sea level response to the Antarctic Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 29, article no. 1950, 10.1029/2002GL015733.
   Google Scholar
• Arblaster J. Er Meehl G.A.. 2006. Contributions of external forcings to Southern Annular Mode trends. Journal of Climate 19, 2896–2905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin ma 2001. Annular modes in global daily surface pressure. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 4115–4118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box J.E., Bromwich D.H., Veenhuis B.A., Bai L.S., Stroeve J.C., Rogers J.C., Steffen K., Haran T. Er Wang S.H.. 2006. Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance variability (1988-2004) from calibrated polar MM5 output. Journal of Climate 19, 2783–2800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracegirdle T.J., Connolley W.M. Er Turner J. 2008. Antarctic climate change over the twenty first century. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 113, D03103, 10.1029/2007JDO08933.
   Google Scholar
• Cappelen J. 2004. Yearly mean temperature for selected meteorological stations in Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland: 1873-2003. Technical Report 04-07. Copenhagen: Danish Meteorological Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman W.L. Er Walsh J.E. 2007. A synthesis of Antarctic temperatures. Journal of Climate 20, 4096–4117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comiso J.C. Er Nishio F. 2007. Trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible AMSR-E, SSM/I and SMMR data. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 113, CO2507, 10.1029/2007JC004257.
   Google Scholar
• Cook A.J., Fox A.J., Vaughan D.G. Er Ferrigno J.G. 2005. Retreating glacier fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past half-century. Science 308, 541–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis C.H., Li Y.H., McConnell J.R., Frey M.M. Er Hanna E. 2005. Snowfall-driven growth in East Antarctic ice sheet mitigates recent sea-level rise. Science 308, 1898–1901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dérry S.J., Stieglitz M., McKenna E.C. Er Wood E.F. 2005. Characteristics and trends of river discharge into Hudson, James, and Ungava bays, 1964-2000. Journal of Climate 18, 2540–2557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson R.R., Meincke J., Malmberg S.-A. Er Lee A.J. 1988. The “Great Salinity Anomaly” in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Progress in Oceanography 20, 103-151.
   Google Scholar
• Farman J.C., Gardiner B.G. Er Shanklin J.D. 1985. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal CCI0x/ NOx interaction. Nature 315, 207–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fetterer F., Knowles K., Meier W. Er Savoie M. 2002, updated 2009. Sea Ice Index, 16 October 2007. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. Available at http://nsidc.org/news/press/2007_seaiceminimum/images/20071017_extent.png.
   Google Scholar
• Fogt R.L. Er Bromwich D.H. 2006. Decadal variability of the ENSO teleconnection to the high latitude South Pacific governed by coupling with the Southern Annular Mode. Journal of Climate 19, 979–997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe J.C. 2006. Southern Ocean warming due to human influence. Geophysics Research Letters 33, L19701, 10.1029/2006GL027247.
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe J.C., Boer G.J. Er Flato G.M. 1999. The Arctic and Antarctic oscillations and their projected changes under global warming. Geophysics Research Letters 26, 1601-1604.
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe J.C. Er Saenko O.A. 2006. Simulated changes in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere winds and currents. Geophysics Research Letters 33, L06701, 10.1029/2005GL025332.
   Google Scholar
• Gascard J.C., Festy J., le Gogg H., Weber M., Bruemmer B., Offermann M., Doble M., Wadhams P. Forsberg R., Hanson S., Skourup H., Gerland S., Nicolaus M., Metaxin J.-P., Grangeon J., Haapala J., Rinn E., Haas C., Heygster G., Jakobson E., Palo T., Wilkinson J., Kaleschke L., Claffey K. J., Elder B. Er Bottenheim J. 2008. Exploring Arctic transpolar drift during dramatic sea ice retreat. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 89, 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• Gille S.T. 2002. Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s. Science 295, 1275–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gille S.T. 2003. Float observations of the Southern Ocean. Part 1. Estimating mean fields, bottom velocities and topographic steering. Journal of Physical Oceanography 33, 1167–1181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gille S.T. 2008. Decadal-scale temperature trends in the Southern Hemisphere Ocean. Journal of Climate 21, 4749–4765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillett Na, Stone D.A., Stott RA., Nozawa T., Karpechko A.Y., Hegerl G.C., Wehner M.F. Er Jones RD. 2009. Attribution of polar warming to human influence. Nature Geoscience 1, 760–764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet NP Er Thompson D.W.J. 2003. Simulation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science 302, 273–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall A. Er Visbeck M. 2002. Synchronous variability in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean resulting from the Annular Mode. Journal of Climate 15, 3043–3057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna E., Huybrechts P. Steffen K., Cappelen J., Huff R., Shuman C., Irvine-Fynn T., Wise S. Er Griffiths M. 2008. Increased run-off from melt from the Greenland Ice Sheet: a response to global warming. Journal of Climate 21 (2), 331–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen MM., van den Broeke MR., van de Wal R.S.W., van De Berg W.J., Van Meijgaard E., Davis C.H., Li Y.H. & Goodwin I. 2008. Elevation changes in Antarctica mainly determined by accumulation variability. Science 320, 1626–1629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoerling M.R, Hurrell J.W. & Xu T. 2001. Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change. Science 292, 90–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoerling M.R, Hurrell J.W., Xu T., Bates G.T. & Phillips A.S. 2004. Twentieth century North Atlantic climate change. Part II. Understanding the effect of Indian Ocean warming. Climate Dynamics 23, 23 391-23 405.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg A.M., Meredith M.P., Blundell J.R. Er Wilson C. 2008. Eddy heat flux in the Southern Ocean: response to variable wind forcing. Journal of Climate 21, 608-620.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes C.W., Woodworth PL., Meredith M.P., Stepanov V., Whitworth T. Er Pyne A.R.. 2003. Coherence of Antarctic sea levels, Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode, and flow through Drake Passage. Geophysical Research Letters 30, article no. 1464, 10.1029/2003GL017240.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs S.S., Giulivi C.F. Er Mele RA. 2002. Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century. Science 297, 386–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen O.M., Bengtsson L., Miles MW., Kuzmina Semenov V.A., Alekseev G.V., Nagurnyi AR, Zakharov V.F., Bobylev L.P., Pettersson L.H., Hasselmann K. Er Cattle H.P.. 2004. Arctic climate change: observed and modelled temperature and sea-ice variability (vol. 56A, p. 328, 2004). Tellus Series A—Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 56, 328–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson C.M. Er Fu Q. 2007. Antarctic atmospheric temperature trend patterns from satellite observations. Geophysics Research Letters 34, L12703, 10.1029/2006GL029108.
   Google Scholar
• Jones J.M. Er Widmann M. 2003. Instrument- and tree-ring-based estimates of the Antarctic Oscillation. Journal of Climate 16, 3511–3524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley S.P.E., Gillett NP, Thompson D.W.J., Solomon S. Er Forster RM. 2007. Is Antarctic climate most sensitive to ozone depletion in the middle or lower stratosphere? Geophysics Research Letters 34, L22812, 10.1029/2007GL031238.
   Google Scholar
• Kidson J.W. 1999. Principal modes of Southern Hemisphere low-frequency variability obtained from NCEP-NCAR reanalyses. Journal of Climate 12, 2808–2830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King J.C. 1994. Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula. International Journal of Climatology 14, 357–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krabill W., Abdalati W., Frederick E., Manizade S., Martin C., Sonntag J., Swift R., Thomas R., Wright W. Er Yungel J. 2000. Greenland ice sheet: high-elevation balance and peripheral thinning. Science 289, 428–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushner P.J., Held I.M. Er Delworth T.L. 2001. Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation response to global warming. Journal of Climate 14, 2238–2249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Quéré C., Rodenbeck C., Buitenhuis RT., Conway T.J., Langenfelds R., Gomez A., Labuschagne C., Ramonet T., Nakazawa T., Metzl N., Gillett N.P. Er Heimann M. 2007. Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change. Science 316, 1735-1738.
   Google Scholar
• Levitus S., Antonov J. Er Boyer T. 2005. Warming of the world ocean, 1955-2003. Geophysics Research Letters 32, L02604, 10.1029/2004GL021592.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall G.J. 2003. Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from observations and reanalyses. Journal of Climate 16, 4134 4143.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall G.J., Orr A., van Lipzig N.P.M. Er King J.C. 2006. The impact of a changing Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode on Antarctic Peninsula summer temperatures. Journal of Climate 19, 5388–5404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall G.J., Stott RA., Turner J., Connolley W.M., King J.C. Er Lachlan-Cope T.A. 2004. Causes of exceptional atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere. Geophysics Research Letters 31, L14205, 10.1029/2004GL019952.
   Google Scholar
• Mayewski RA. Er Maasch K.A. 2006. Recent warming inconsistent with natural association between temperature and atmospheric circulation over the last 2000 years. Climate of the Past Discussions 2, 327–355.
   Google Scholar
• Meier M.F., Dyurgerov M.B., Rick U.K., O'Neel S., Pfeffer W.T., Anderson R.S., Anderson S.P. Er Glazovsky A.F. 2007. Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century. Science 317, 1064–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith M.P. Er Hogg A.M. 2006. Circumpolar response of Southern Ocean eddy activity to a change in the Southern Annular Mode. Geophysics Research Letters 33, L16608, 10.1029/2006GL026499.
   Google Scholar
• Meredith M.P. Er King J.C. 2005. Climate change in the ocean to the west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century. Geophysics Research Letters 32, L19606, 10.1029/2005GL024042.
   Google Scholar
• Meredith M.R, Woodworth PL., Hughes C.W. Er Stepanov V. 2004. Changes in the ocean transport through Drake Passage during the 1980s and 1990s, forced by changes in the Southern Annular Mode. Geophysics Research Letters 31, L21305, 10.1029/2004GL021169.
   Google Scholar
• Min S.K., Zhang X.B. Er Zwiers F. 2008. Human-induced Arctic moistening. Science 320, 518–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan A.J. Er Bromwich D.H. 2008. Advances in describing recent Antarctic climate variablity. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89, 1295–1306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan A.J., Bromwich D.H., Chapman W.L. Er Comiso J.C. 2008. Recent variability and trends of Antarctic near-surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D04105, 10.1029/2007JDO09094.
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan A.J., Bromwich D.H., Fogt R.L., Wang S.-H., Mayewski RA., Dixon D.A., Ekaykin A., Frezzotti M., Goodwin I., Isaksson E., Kaspari S.D., Morgan V.I., Oerter H., van Ommen T.D., van der Veen C.J. Er Wen J. 2006. Insignificant change in Antarctic snowfall since the International Geophysical Year. Science 313, 827–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan A.J., Bromwich D.H. Er Schneider D.P. 2008. Twentieth century Antarctic air temperature and snowfall simulations by IPCC climate models. Geophysics Research Letters 35, L07502, 10.1029/2007GL032630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morison J.H., Aagaard K., Falkner K.K., Hatakeyama K., Moritz R., Overland J.E., Perovich D.K., Shimada K., Steele M., Takizawa T. Er Woodgate R. 2002. North Pole environmental observatory delivers early results. EOS. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 83, 357–361.
   Google Scholar
• Nghiem S.V., Rigor I.G., Perovich D.K., Clemente-Colon P., Weatherly J.W. Er Neumann G. 2007. Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice. Geophysics Research Letters 34, L19504, 10.1029/2007GL031138.
   Google Scholar
• Oke P.R. Er England M.H. 2004. Oceanic response to changes in the latitude of the Southern Hemisphere subpolar westerly winds. Journal of Climate 17, 1040–1054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overland J.E., Spillane M.C., Percival D.B., Wang M. Er Mofjeld H.O.. 2004. Seasonal and regional variation of pan-Arctic surface air temperature over the instrumental record. Journal of Climate 17, 23 263-23 282.
   Google Scholar
• Overland J.E., Wang M. Er Salo S. 2008. The recent Arctic warm period. Tellus Series A—Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 60, 589–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlwitz J., Pawson S., Fogt R.L., Nielsen J.E. Er Neff W.D. 2008. Impact of stratospheric ozone hole recovery on Antarctic climate. Geophysics Research Letters 35, L08714, 10.1029/2008GL033317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson B.J., Holmes R.M., McClelland J.W., Vorosmarty C.J., Lammers R.B., Shiklomanov Al., Shiklomanov I.A. Er Rahmstorf S. 2008. Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 298, 2171–2173.
   Google Scholar
• Pezza A.B., Durrant T., Simmonds I. Er Smith I. 2008. Southern Hemisphere synoptic behavior in extreme phases of SAM, ENSO, sea ice extent and southern Australia rainfall. Journal of Climate 21, 5566–5584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quadrelli R. Er Wallace J.M.. 2002. Dependence of the structure of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode on the polarity of ENS O. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 2132–2135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randel W.J. Er Wu F. 1999. Cooling of the Arctic and Antarctic polar stratospheres due to ozone depletion. Journal of Climate 12, 1467–1479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rignot E.J. 1998. Fast recession of a West Antarctic glacier. Science 281, 549–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rignot E., Bamber J.L., van den Broeke MR., Davis C., Li Y.H., van de Berg W.J. Er van Meijgaard E. 2008. Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling. Nature Geoscience 1, 106-110.
   Google Scholar
• Rintoul S.R. 2007. Rapid freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water formed in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Geophysics Research Letters 34, L06606, 10.1029/2006GL028550.
   Google Scholar
• Schweiger A., Zhang J., Lindsay R.W. Er Steele M. 2008. Did unusually sunny skies help drive the record sea ice minimum? Geophysics Research Letters 35, L10503, 10.1029/2008GL033463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serreze MC., Walsh J.E., Chapin F.S., Osterkamp T., Dyurgerov M., Romanovsky V.E., Oechel W., Morison J. Er Barry R.G.. 2000. Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climate Change 46, 159–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton D.M.H. 2001. The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on the phase of the Antarctic Oscillation. Geophysics Research Letters 28, 3697–3700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada K., Komashida T., Itoh M., Nishino S., Carmack E., McLaughlin F.A., Zimmermann S. Er Proshutinsky A. 2006. Pacific Ocean inflow: Influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Geophysics Research Letters 33, L08605, 10.1029/2005GL025624.
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds I. 2003. Modes of atmospheric variability over the Southern Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 108, article no. 8078, 10.1029/2000JC000542.
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds I., Burke C. Er Keay K. 2008. Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior. Journal of Climate 21, 5777–5796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmonds I. Er Jacka T.H.. 1995. Relationships between the interannual variability of Antarctic sea ice and the Southern Oscillation. Journal of Climate 8, 637–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt KB., Tignor M. Er Miller H.L. Jr. (eds.) 2007. Climate change 2007. The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Starnmerjohn SE., Martinson D.G., Smith R.C. Er Iannuzzi R.A. 2008. Sea ice in the western Antarctic Peninsula region: spatio -temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives. Deep-Sea Research Part 11 55, 2041–2058.
   Google Scholar
• Starnmerjohn SE., Martinson D.G., Smith R.C., Yuan X. Er Rind D. 2008. Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Nifio—Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 113, CO3S90, 10.1029/2007JC004269.
   Google Scholar
• Steele M. Er Boyd T. 1998. Retreat of the cold halocline layer in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 103, 10 419-10 435.
   Google Scholar
• Steele M., Ermold W. Er Zhang J. 2008. Arctic Ocean surface warming trends over the past 100 years. Geophysics Research Letters 35, L02614, 10.1029/2007GL031651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steig E.J., Schneider Da, Rutherford S.D., Mann ME., Comiso J.C. Er Shindell D.T. 2009. Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year. Nature 457, 459–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone D.A., Weaver A.J. Er Stouffer R.J. 2001. Projection of climate change onto modes of atmospheric variability. Journal of Climate 14, 3551–3565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroeve J., Holland MM., Meier W., Scambos T. Er Serreze M.C.. 2007. Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast. Geophysics Research Letters 34, L09501, 10.1029/2007GL029703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroeve J., Serreze M.C., Drobot S., Gearheard S., Holland M., Maslanik J., Meier W. Er Scambos T. 2008. Arctic sea ice extent plummets in 2007. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 89, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Thoma M., Jenkins A., Holland D. Er Jacobs S. 2008. Modelling Circumpolar Deep Water intrusions on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters 35, L18602, 10.1029/2008GL034939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas E.R., Marshall G.J. & McConnell J.R. 2008. A doubling in snow accumulation in the western Antarctic Peninsula since 1850. Geophysics Research Letters 35, L01706, 10.1029/2007GL032529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson D.W.J. Er Solomon S. 2002. Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science 296, 895–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson D.W.J. & Wallace J.M. 2000. Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I. Month-to-month variability. Journal of Climate 13, 1000–1016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner J. 2004. The El Nifio—Southern Oscillation and Antarctica. International Journal of Climatology 24, 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner J., Colwell SR., Marshall G.J., Lachlan-Cope T.A., Carleton A.M., Jones RD., Lagun V., Reid RA. Er Iagovkina S. 2005. Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. International Journal of Climatology 25, 279–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner J., Comiso J.C., Marshall G.J., Lachlan-Cope T.A., Bracegirdle T.J., Maksym T., Meredith M.R, Wang Z. Er Orr A. 2009. Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent. Geophysics Research Letters 36, L08502, 10.1029/2009GL037524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner J., Lachlan-Cope T.A., Colwell SR., Marshall G.J. Er Connolley W.M. 2006. Significant warming of the Antarctic winter troposphere. Science 311, 1914–1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broeke M.R. Er van Lipzig N.P.M. 2004. Changes in Antarctic temperature, wind, and precipitation in response to the Antarctic Oscillation. Annals of Glaciology 39,119-126.
   Google Scholar
• Volodin E.M. Er Galin V.Y. 1999. Interpretation of winter warming on Northern Hemisphere continents In 1977-94. Journal of Climate 12, 2947–2955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker D.R, Brandon M.A., Jenkins A., Allen J.T., Dowdeswell J.A. Er Evans J. 2007. Oceanic heat transport onto the Amundsen Sea shelf through a submarine glacial trough. Geophysics Research Letters 34, L02602, 10.1029/2006GL028154.
   Google Scholar
• Wang M., Overland J.E., Kattsov V., Walsh J.E., Zhang X. Er Pavlova T. 2007. Intrinsic versus forced variation in coupled climate model simulations over the Arctic during the 20th century. Journal of Climate 20, 1093–1107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan X. 2004. ENSO-related impacts on Antarctic sea ice: a synthesis of phenomenon and mechanisms. Antarctic Science 16, 415–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan X. Er Li C. 2008. Climate modes in southern high latitudes and their impacts on Antarctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans 113, C06591, 10.1029/2006JC004067.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan X.J. Er Martinson D.G. 2000. Antarctic sea ice extent variability and its global connectivity. Journal of Climate 13, 1697–1717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y., Wallace J.M. Er Battisti D.S. 1997. ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93. Journal of Climate 10, 1004–1020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X.J., Sun J.L.K., Liu Z.Y., Liu Q.Y. Er Martin J.E. 2007. A synoptic analysis of the interannual variability of winter cyclone activity in the Aleutian low region. Journal of Climate 20, 1523–1538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar