Beekeeping and Local Self‐Reliance in Rural Southern AfricaFootnote^*

* The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance in the field of members of the Bondolfi Beekeeper's Association, especially Mr. Mutude and Mr. Thomas Akom Chale, the United Nations volunteer. The financial support of Prof. Randall Hepburn and the comments of Dr. Tony Binns on the document are gratefully acknowledged.

References

• Bees for Development 1991. Banjul Bee Declaration. In Proceedings of the First West African Bee Research Seminar, edited by N. Bradbear, 80–82. Bakau, Gambia: Bees for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Binns, T., ed. 1995. People and Environment in Africa Chichester, England, and New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbear, N. 1991. Beekeeping Problems in Africa and Consequent Research Priorities. In Proceedings of the First West African Bee Research Seminar, edited by N. Bradbear, 20–23. Bakau, Gambia: Bees for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Burkey, S. 1993. People First: A Guide to Self‐Reliant, Participatory Rural Development London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Chale, T. A. 1997. Fax to M. P. Robertson. 10 November.
   Google Scholar
• Clauss, B. 1992. Bees and Beekeeping in the North Western Province of Zambia. Ndola, Zambia: Forestry Department.
   Google Scholar
• Crane, E. 1990. Bees and Beekeeping: Science, Practice, and World Resources Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Pub. Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Gooneratne, W. 1992. Revitalizing Local and Regional Economies: Potentials and Preconditions. Paper presented at a seminar on Local and Regional Options for the Next Decade, United Nations Center for Regional Development, Nairobi, Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Gooneratne, W., and M. Mbilinyi. 1992. Reviving Local Self‐Reliance: People's Responses to Economic Crisis in Eastern and Southern Africa Nagoya, Japan: United Nations Center for Regional Development.
   Google Scholar
• Guy, R. 1971. Mozambique. South African Bee Journal 43 (1): 11–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn, H. R., and R. M. Crewe. 1991. Portrait of the Cape Honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis. Apidologie 22 (16): 567–580.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. E. 1995. Traditional beekeeping in the Manica Province of Mozambique. In Proceedings of the Tenth Entomological Congress, 74. Gaberone, South Africa: Entomological Society of Southern Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Kepaletswe, K. 1991. Beekeeping Handbook Gaberone, Botswana: Ministry of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Kigatiira, K. I. 1976. Beekeeping Development Programs in Kenya. In Apiculture in Tropical Climates, edited by E. Crane, 143–146. London: International Bee Research Association.
   Google Scholar
• Louw, C. 1992. What Hope the Windhoek Treaty Die Suid‐Afrikaan, October, 10–14.
   Google Scholar
• Lundall‐magnuson, E. 1997. Developmental Beekeeping. Plant Protection News, No. 47 (Autumn): 5–6.
   Google Scholar
• Makalo, A. 1991. Different Approaches to the Implementation of Beekeeping in The Gambia. In Proceedings of the First West African Bee Research Seminar, edited by N. Bradbear, 12–14. Bakau, Gambia: Bees for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Mazel, A. D. 1982. Distribution of Painting Themes in the Natal Drakensberg. Annals of the Natal Museum 25 (1): 67–82.
   Google Scholar
• Mensing, F. 1993a. Beekeeping in Malawi: New Chances for Smallholders. Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit.
   Google Scholar
• Mensing, F. 1993b. Making Money with Honey: GTZ‐Activities in the Field of Beekeeping Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit.
   Google Scholar
• Murless, P. H. 1995. Beekeeping as a Conservation Club Activity. South African Bee Journal 67 (3): 80–83.
   Google Scholar
• Mutude, J. M. 1997. Interview with P. M. Illgner and M. P. Robertson. Bondolfi, Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Ngolofwana, R. 1994. Interview with M. P. Robertson. Solwezi, Zambia.
   Google Scholar
• Ntenga, G. M., and B. T. Mugongo. 1991. Honey Hunters and Beekeepers: A Study of Traditional Beekeeping in Babati District, Tanzania Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Pager, H. 1973. Rock Paintings in Southern Africa Showing Bees and Honey Hunting. Bee World 54 (2): 61–68.
   Google Scholar
• Radloff, S. E., H. R. Hepburn, and M. H. Villet. 1997. The Honeybees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), of Woodland Savanna of Southeastern Africa. African Entomology 5 (1): 19–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruttner, F. 1988. Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees Berlin and Los Angeles: Springer‐Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Sosu, F. M. 1991. The Prospects of Modern Beekeeping in West Africa. In Proceedings of the First West African Bee Research Seminar, edited by N. Bradbear, 16–19. Bakau, Gambia: Bees for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Stöhr, W. B. 1981. Development from Below: The Bottom‐Up and Periphery‐Inward Development Paradigm. In Development from Above or Below: The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries, edited by W. B. Stöhr and Fraser D. R. Taylor, 39–72. Chichester, England, and New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Svensson, B. 1991. Minimum Management with African Bees‐The Correct Approach for High Honey Yields. In Proceedings of the First West African Bee Research Seminar, edited by N. Bradbear, 68–71. Bakau, Gambia: Bees for Development.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, D. R. F., and F. Mackenzie, eds. 1992. Development from Within: Survival in Rural Africa London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Towry‐coker, S. 1995. Honey: A Practical Manual for African Community Beekeepers Harare, Zimbabwe: Participatory Development Resource Center for Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Tribe, G. D. 1982. Bees of the Outeniqua in 1781. South African Bee Journal 54 (4): 91.
   Google Scholar