Regional Ideas and the Montana‐Alberta BorderlandsFootnote^*

* This article stems from field and archival research conducted in 1998, which was partially funded by a dissertation travel grant from the Canadian Embassy; I gratefully acknowledge the support. I presented an earlier version of this paper at the 1998 annual meeting of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers.

References

• Allen, J. L. 1985. The Garden‐Desert Continuum: Competing Views of the Great Plains in the Nineteenth Century. Great Plains Quarterly 5 (3): 207–220.
   Google Scholar
• Alwin, J.A. 1982. Eastern Montana: A Portrait of the Land and Its People. Helena: Montana Magazine, Inc. and American Geographic Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Business Information. 1998. American Business Disc (Version 98.2.008). cd—rom.
   Google Scholar
• Arreola, D. D., and J. R. Curtis. 1993. The Mexican Border Cities: Landscape Anatomy and Place Personality. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ashwell, I. Y. 1968–1969. Studies of the Chinook at Calgary: A Progress Report. Albertan Geographer 5 (1): 45–47.
   Google Scholar
• Baltensperger, B. H. 1992. Plains Boomers and the Creation of the Great American Desert Myth. Journal of Historical Geography 18 (1): 59–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, R. G. 1992. Mountain Weather and Climate. 2d ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, G. L. 1995 [1953]. The Whoop‐ Up Trail: Early Days in Alberta… Montana. Lethbridge, Alta.: Lethbridge Historical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Bicha, K. D. 1968. The American Farmer and the Canadian West, 1896–1914. Lawrence, Kans.: Coronado Press.
   Google Scholar
• Birdsall, S. S., and J. W. Florin. 1978. Regional Landscapes of the United States and Canada. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Boas, F. 1904. The Vocabulary of the Chinook Language. American Anthropologist, n.s., 6(1): 118–147.
   Google Scholar
• Breen, D. H. 1983. The Canadian Prairie West and the Ranching Frontier, 1874–1924. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brinkmann, W. A. R. 1969. The Definition of the Chinook in the Calgary Area. M.S. thesis, University of Calgary.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of the Census. 1994. County and City Data Book. 12th ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• Burrows, A. T. 1903. The Chinook Winds. Journal of Geography 2 (1): 124–136.
   Google Scholar
• Careless, J. M. S. 1954. Frontierism, Metropolitanism, and Canadian History. Canadian Historical Review 35 (1): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Cass, G., and S. Jahrig. 1998. Heritage Tourism: Montana's Hottest Travel Trend. Montana Business Quarterly 36 (2): 8–18.
   Google Scholar
• Chinook Country Historical Society. 1998. Calendar of Events, 1998–1999. N.p.
   Google Scholar
• Chinook Country Tourist Association. 1993. Chinook Country Vacation Guide, 1993. Lethbridge, Alta.: Graphcom Printers.
   Google Scholar
• City of Lethbridge. 1999. City of Lethbridge Municipal Flag. [http://www.city.lethbridge.ab.ca/info/flag.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Den Otter, A. A. 1990. Transportation, Trade and Regional Identity in the Southwestern Prairies. Prairie Forum 15 (1): 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Devoto, B. 1934. The West: A Plundered Province. Harpers, August, 355–364.
   Google Scholar
• Durham, M. 1921. The Passing of Chinook. Canadian Magazine, June, 138–147.
   Google Scholar
• Duvall, M. 1996. Coutts Crossing Will Get ‘Smart’ with $15M High‐Tech Upgrade. Calgary Herald, 11 September, §D, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Earle, R. L., and J. D. Wirth, eds. 1995. Identities in North America: The Search for Community. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. M. 1978. Stocking the Canadian Range. Alberta History 26 (3): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. M. 1979. American Cattlemen on the Canadian Range, 1874–1914. Prairie Forum 4(1): 121–135.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. M. 1983. The Origins of Ranching in Western Canada: American Diffusion or Victorian Transplant Great Plains Quarterly 3 (1): 79–91.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. M. 1993. Prince Charming Goes West: The Story of the E.P. Ranch. Calgary, Alta.: University of Calgary Press.
   Google Scholar
• Everitt, J. C., and D. S. Everitt. 1990. The Grain‐Handling System. In Historical Atlas of Canada, vol. 3, Addressing the Twentieth Century, 1891–1961, edited by D. Kerr and D. W. Holdsworth, plate 19. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, S., ed. 1990. The Range. Missoula, Mont.: Mountain Press Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R. H. 1960. Free Grass to Fences: The Montana Cattle Range Story. New York: University Publishers, for the Historical Society of Montana.
   Google Scholar
• Fort Benton Chamber of Commerce. [1998]. Discover Fort Benton, the Birthplace of Montana. N.p.
   Google Scholar
• Fort Whoop‐Up Interpretive Center. [1998]. Fort Whoop‐Up. Lethbridge, Alta.: Robins Southern Printing.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, J. M. 1981. Montana Business and Canadian Regionalism in the 1870s and 1880s. Western Historical Quarterly 12 (3): 291–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, F. 1990. The Bear Who Stole the Chinook: Tales from the Blackfoot. Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, I. 1989. Great Plains. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Garreau, J. 1982. The Nine Nations of North America. New York: Avon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gressley, G. M. 1963. Colonialism: A Western Complaint. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 54 (1): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, R. W. 1993. Under the Chinook Arch: Tales of a Montana Veterinarian. Helena, Mont.: Falcon Press Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, J. K. 1994 [1952]. Strange Empire: A Narrative of the Northwest. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. C. 1986. Who Was “Forest Man?”: Sources of Migration to the Plains. Great Plains Quarterly 6(2): 69–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huidekoper, W. 1964. The Story behind Charlie Russell's Masterpiece. In Cowboys and Cattlemen: A Roundup, edited by M. S. Kennedy, 173–179. New York: Hastings House.
   Google Scholar
• InfoSpace and infoUSA Inc., 1998. Canada: Business by Name. [http://www.infospace.com/canada/canadabiz.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Innis, H. A. 1970 [1930]. The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. Rev. ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Isern, T. D., and B. Shepard. 1990. Paul F. Sharp. Heritage of the Great Plains 23 (1): 4–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ives, R. L. 1950. Frequency and Physical Effects of Chinook Winds in the Colorado High Plains Region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 40 (4): 293–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahrig, S. H. 1994. Positioned for Trade. Montana Business Quarterly 32 (2): 18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, A., and A. A. den Otter. 1991. Lethbridge: A Centennial History. Lethbridge, Alta.: City of Lethbridge and Lethbridge Historical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, T. G. 1993. North American Cattle‐Ranching Frontiers: Origins, Diffusion, and Differentiation. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klassen, H. C. 1991. Shaping the Growth of the Montana Economy: T. C. Power & Bro. and the Canadian Trade, 1869–1893. Great Plains Quarterly 11 (3): 166–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad, V. 1991. The Borderlands of the United States and Canada in the Context of North American Development. International Journal of Canadian Studies 4 (1): 77–95.
   Google Scholar
• Kraenzel, C. F. 1955. The Great Plains in Transition. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kraenzel, C. F. 1958. The Great Plains, Voiceless Region. Montana: The Magazine of Western History 8 (1): 42–49.
   Google Scholar
• Ladow, M. B. 1994. The Medicine Line: Nations and Identity on the Montana‐Saskatchewan Frontier, 1877–1920. Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University.
   Google Scholar
• Laskin, D. 1996. Braving the Elements: The Stormy History of American Weather. New York: Double‐day.
   Google Scholar
• Lecker, R., ed. 1991. Borderlands: Essays in Canadian‐American Relations. Toronto: ECW Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leechman, D. 1926. The Chinook Jargon. American Speech 1 (7): 531–534.
   Google Scholar
• Lethbridge & District Exhibition. 1999. [http://www.telusplanet.net/public/lethexhb/].
   Google Scholar
• Longley, R.W. 1966–1967. The Frequency of Chinooks in Alberta. Albertan Geographer 3 (1): 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Luebke, F. C. 1984. Regionalism and the Great Plains: Problems of Concept and Method. Western Historical Quarterly 15 (1): 19–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, J. S. 1965. The Chinook and Its Geographic Significance in Southern Alberta. M.S. thesis, University of Calgary.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, J. S. 1968–1969. Early Reference to the Chinook. Albertan Geographer 5 (1): 61–64.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D. 1998. Trade Corridor Connects Alberta Commerce to U.S. Calgary Herald, 28 August, §A, 19.
   Google Scholar
• Marty, S. 1995. Leaning on the Wind: Under the Spell of the Great Chinook. Toronto: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Mather, E. C. 1972. The American Great Plains. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 62 (2): 237–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, A. 1992. Where the Buffalo Roam. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, C. 1999. Lethbridge in Whoop‐Up Brouhaha. Calgary Sun, 28 January, 18.
   Google Scholar
• Mcdonald, M. 1989. Fields of Force. Maclean's Magazine, 3 July, 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Mcgreevy, P. 1988. The End of America, Beginning of Canada. Canadian Geographer 32 (4): 307–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcknight, T. L. 1992. Regional Geography of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Mikesell, M. 1960. Comparative Studies in Frontier History. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 50 (1): 62–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, L. M. 1968. I Remember Montana. Unpublished manuscript, Montana Historical Society, Helena, Small Collection 1404.
   Google Scholar
• NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]. 1980. Climate of Montana. In Climates of the States, 2d ed., 1: 437–454. Detroit: Gale Research.
   Google Scholar
• Overholser, J. 1987. Fort Benton: World's Innermost Port. Fort Benton, Mont.: J. Overholser.
   Google Scholar
• Popper, D. E., and F. J. Popper. 1999. The Buffalo Commons: Metaphor as Method. Geographical Review 89 (4): 491–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raban, J. 1996. The Unlamented West. New Yorker, 20 May, 60–81.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, J. H. 1968. The Prairie Region. In Canada: A Geographical Interpretation, edited by J. Warkentin, 396–437. Toronto: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Roeder, R. B. 1992. A Settlement on the Plains: Paris Gibson and the Building of Great Falls. Montana: The Magazine of Western History 42 (4): 4–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruby, R. H., and J. A. Brown. 1976. The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia River. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, P. F. 1952. The Northern Great Plains: A Study in Canadian‐American Regionalism. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (1): 61–76.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, P. F. 1973 [1955]. Whoop‐Up Country: The Canadian‐American West, 1865–1885. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shepard, R. B. 1994. American Influence on the Settlement and Development of the Canadian Plains. Ph.D. diss., University of Regina.
   Google Scholar
• Slatta, R. W. 1990. Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Starrs, P. F. 1998. Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 1992. Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. H. 1970 [1935]. Chinook: A History and Dictionary of the Northwest Coast Trade Jargon. Portland, Ore.: Binfords and Mort.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, L. G. 1986 [1968]. The Rancher and the City: Calgary and the Cattlemen, 1883–1914. In Ranchers' Legacy: Alberta Essays by Lewis G. Thomas, 41–59. edited by P. A. Dunae. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, T. M. 1963. Some Observations on the Chinook “Arch” in Western Alberta and Northwestern Montana. Weather 18 (6): 166–170.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. H., and S. J. Randall. 1994. Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, F. J. 1986 [1920]. The Frontier in American History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Warkentin, J. 1973. Steppe, Desert and Empire. In Prairie Perspectives 2: Selected Papers of the Western Canadian Studies Conferences, 1970, 1971, edited by A. W. Rasporich and H. C. Klassen, 102–136. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Weadick, G. 1966. Origin of the Calgary Stampede. Alberta Historical Review 14 (4): 20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, W. P. 1976 [1931]. The Great Plains. New York: Grosset and Dunlap.
   Google Scholar
• White, S. A. 1909. The Chinook [poem]. Canadian Magazine, March, 404.
   Google Scholar
• Whoop‐Up Trail Days. 1999. [http://www.conradmontana.com/Pages/whoop.html].
   Google Scholar
• Widdis, R. W. 1997a. Borderland Interaction in the International Region of the Great Plains: An Historic‐Geographical Perspective. Great Plains Research 7 (1): 103–137.
   Google Scholar
• Widdis, R. W. 1997b. Borders, Borderlands and Canadian Identity: A Canadian Perspective. International Journal of Canadian Studies 15 (1): 49–66.
   Google Scholar
• Wilgus, W. J. 1937. The Railway Interrelations of the United States and Canada. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, J. B. 1998. Montana Ghost Dance: Essays on Land and Life. Austin: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar