Istanbul's Bostans: A Millennium of Market GardensFootnote^*

* I wish to thank the Office of Research and Support Programs, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire and the American Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT) for the funding that made the fieldwork supporting this article possible. I would especially like to thank Tony Greenwood and the staff of ARIT‐Istanbul for always doing everything within their means to assist me when I am in Turkey. Finally, I must acknowledge the value that Maria Elisa Christie and Clarissa Kimber added through their conscientious and thoughtful reviews of drafts of this article.

References

• Blaut, J. 1958. Chinese Market Gardening in Singapore: A Study in Functional Microgeography. Ph.D. diss., Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College.
   Google Scholar
• Bryld, E. 2003. Potentials, Problems, and Policy Implications for Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries. Agriculture and Human Values 20 (1): 79–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çelebi, E. [1834] 1968. Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century. Translated by J. Von Hammer. New York: Johnson Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• Cheema, G. S., J. Smit, A. Ratta, and J. Nasr. 1996. Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Evyapan, G. A. 1999. Old Turkish Gardens: Old Istanbul Gardens in Particular. Ankara: Middle East Technical University Faculty of Architecture Press. [http:archnet.org/institutions/METUA‐ARCH/library/publications/documents.tcl?collection_id=1341].
   Google Scholar
• FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2004. Food for the Cities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, [http:www.fao.orgfcitinsec.asp].
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, D. B. 1991. A City of Farmers: Informal Urban Agriculture in the Open Spaces of Nairobi, Kenya. Montreal: McGill‐Queen's University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gertel, J., ed. 1995. The Metropolitan Food System of Cairo. Saarbücken, Germany: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik.
   Google Scholar
• Gertel, J., and S. Samir. 2000. Cairo: Urban Agriculture and Visions for a Modern City. In Growing Cities, Growing Food: Urban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda, edited by N. Bakker, M. Dubbeling, S. Guendel, U. Sabel‐koschella, and H. de Zeeuw, 209–234. Leusden, Netherlands: Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry. [http:www.ruaf.orgbibliography_fr.html].
   Google Scholar
• Günçikan, B. 1990. Semt Bostani Betona Yenildi (Neighborhood Bostans Are Conquered by Concrete). Cumhuriyet (Republic), 15 December.
   Google Scholar
• Hovorka, A. 2004. Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Botswana: (Re)Shaping Urban Agriculture Discourse. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 22 (3): 367–388.
   Google Scholar
• Hovorka, A. Forthcoming. The (Re)Production of Gendered Positionality in Botswana's Commercial Urban Agricultural Sector. Annals of the Association of American Geographers..
   Google Scholar
• Howe, J. 2002. Planning for Urban Food: The Experience of Two U.K. Cities. Planning, Practice and Research 17 (2): 125–144.
   Google Scholar
• IDRC [International Development Research Centre]. 2004. Cities Feeding People Program, [http:web.idrc.caesev‐9354‐201‐1‐DO_TOPIC.html].
   Google Scholar
• Istanbul Ansiklopedisi. 1963. Bostan. In Istanbul Ansiklopedisi (Encyclopedia of Istanbul), edited by R. E. Koçu, 6: 2971–2973. Istanbul: Istanbul Ansiklopedisi ve Nesriyat Kollektif Sirketi, Husnutabiat ve Ercan Matbaasi.
   Google Scholar
• Istanbul Ansiklopedisi. 1994. Bostan. In Dünden Bügüne Istanbul Ansiklopedisi (Encyclopedia of Istanbul from Yesterday to Today), 2: 309–310. Istanbul: Kultur Bakanli-i ve Tarih Vakfi'nin Ortak Yayindir.
   Google Scholar
• Istanbul Vilayeti. N.d. Istanbul Vilayeti Ahval ve Vaziyeti Umumiyei Ziraiyesi ve Zirai Muafiyetler, Tesvikler ve Mukellefiyetler, 1932 (Province of Istanbul Topics and Issues regarding Agricultural Lands, 1932). Istanbul: Istanbul Siraat Müdürü: Numune Matbaasi.
   Google Scholar
• Kaldjian, P. 2000. Urban Food Security and Contemporary Istanbul: Gardens, Bazaars, and the Countryside. Ph.D. diss., University of Arizona.
   Google Scholar
• Keydar, Ç. 1999. The Housing Market from Informal to Global. In Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local, edited by Ç. Keydar, 143–159. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Kinross, P. B. 1977. The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks.
   Google Scholar
• Koder, J. 1995. Fresh Vegetables for the Capital. In Constantinople and Its Hinterland: Papers from the Twenty‐Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993, edited by C. Mango, G. Dragon, and G. Greatrex, 49–56. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kömürcüyan, E. 1988. Istanbul Tarihi: XVII. Asirda Istanbul (The History of Istanbul: Istanbul in the 17th Century). Translated by H. Der‐anreasyan. Istanbul: Evren Yaymcilik ve Kitapçilik.
   Google Scholar
• Kuppinger, P. 1995. Urban Spaces and Street Vending: Colonial and Post‐Colonial Structures versus Everyday Practices. In The Metropolitan Food System of Cairo, edited by J. Gertel, 141–150. Saarbrücken, Germany: Verlag für Entwicklungspolitik.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, R., and T. Marsden. 1999. Food for Urban Spaces: The Development of Urban Food Production in England and Wales. International Planning Studies 4 (3): 389–412.
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, D. G. 1995. Alternative Food Security Strategy: A Household Analysis of Urban Agriculture in Kampala. World Development 23 (10): 1669–1682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasr, J., and M. Padilla, eds. 2004. Interfaces: Agricultures et villes à l'est et au sud de la Méditerranée. Beirut: Institut Français du Proche‐Orient.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, T. 1996. Urban Agriculture: Closing the Nutrient Loop. World Watch 9 (6): 10–17.
   Google Scholar
• Nugent, R. 2000. Urban and Periurban Agriculture, Household Food Security and Nutrition. Discussion paper for the FAO‐ETC/RUAF electronic conference on Urban and Periurban Agriculture on the Policy Agenda, 21 August‐30 September. [http:www.fao.orgurbanagPaperi‐e.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Özişik, M. 1997. Şehir Içinde Domates Tarlasi! (Inside the City Are Tomato Fields!). Istanbul, 17 July, §Avrupa Yakasi (European Shore), 4.
   Google Scholar
• Rakodi, C. 1988. Urban Agriculture: Research Questions and Zambian Evidence. Journal of Modern African Studies 26 (3): 495–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redhouse. 1997. Dönüm. In Redhouse Türkçe‐Ingilizce Sözlüǧü (Redhouse Turkish‐English Dictionary), 311. 16th ed. Istanbul: SEV Matbaacihk ve Yayincilik.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, I., and D. Silk. 1987. Introduction: Urban Agriculture and Self‐Reliance. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 9 (2): 2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Smit, J., and J. Nasr. 1992. Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities: Using Waste and Idle Land and Water Bodies as Resources. Environment and Urbanization 4 (2): 141–151.
   Google Scholar
• Torres‐lima, P., B. Canabal‐cristiani, and G. Burela‐rueda. 1994. Urban Sustainable Agriculture: The Paradox of the Chinampa System in Mexico City. Agriculture and Human Values 11 (1): 37–46.
   Google Scholar
• Türk Ansiklopedisi. 1955. Bostan. In Türk Ansiklopedisi (Turkish Encyclopedia), 7: 379–380. Ankara: Maarif Basimevi.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, D. C. H., B. Ilbery, and D. Maye. 2005. Making Reconnections in Agro‐Food Geography: Alternative Systems of Food Provision. Progress in Human Geography 29 (1): 22–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, Y. 1992. China and Hong Kong. In Sustainable Cities: Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective, edited by R. E. Stren, R. R. White, and J. B. Whitney, 258–280. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar