Tending Cultural Landscapes and Food Citizenship in Toronto's Community GardensFootnote^*

* Special thanks to all the gardeners who tirelessly accommodated my requests to document their gardening activities and who generously shared their stories and experiences. This project would not have been possible without the support of FoodShare Toronto, the student researchers, and the Urban Issues Program of the Samuel and Saidye Bronfman Family Foundation.

References

• Airriess, C., and D. Clawson. 1994. Vietnamese Market Gardens in New Orleans. Geographical Review 84 (1): 16–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, P., M. Fitzsimmons, M. Goodman, and K. Warner. 2003. Shifting Plates in the Agrifood Landscape: the Tectonics of Alternative Agrifood Initiatives in California. Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 61–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, L. 2002. Seeds of Our City: Case Studies from Eight Diverse Gardens in Toronto. Toronto: FoodShare.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, L., and J. Huh. 2003. Rich Harvest. Alternatives 29 (1): 21–25.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, L. 1997. How Does Your Garden Grow? Toronto: FoodShare.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, L. 2004. Interview with the author. Toronto, 25 September.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, D., C. Giesecke, and S. Sherman. 1991. A Dietary, Social and Economic Evaluation of the Philadelphia Urban Gardening Project. Journal of Nutrition Education 23 (4): 161–167.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, E. 2002. Toronto: Canada's Linguistic Capital. Toronto Star, 11 December, §A, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson‐kanyama, A. 1997. Weighted Average Source Points and Distances for Computation‐Origin Tools for Environmental Impact Analysis. Ecological Economics 23 (1): 15–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CFSC [Community Food Security Coalition]. 2004. [http:www.foodsecurity.org]. City of Toronto. 2001. The Growing Season. Toronto: City of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• CFSC [Community Food Security Coalition]. 2002. Toronto Official Plan. Toronto: Toronto Urban Development Services.
   Google Scholar
• Delind, L. 2002. Place, Work, and Civic Agriculture: Common Fields for Cultivation. Agriculture and Human Values 19 (2): 217–224.
   Google Scholar
• Dirlik, A., and R. Prazniak. 2001. Introduction: Cultural Identity and the Politics of Place. In Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization, edited by R. Prazniak and A. Dirlik, 3–13. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. 2001. Culture Sits in Places: Reflections on Globalism and Subaltern Strategies of Localization. Political Geography 20 (2): 139–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteva, G., and M. S. Prakash. 1998. Grassroots Postmodernism: Remaking the Soil of Cultures. London and New York: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Field, D., and A. Mendiratta. 2000. Food 2002. Toronto: FoodShare.
   Google Scholar
• Hassanein, N. 2003. Practicing Food Democracy: A Pragmatic Politics of Transformation. Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 77–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinrichs, C. C. 2003. The Practice and Politics of Food System Localization. Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 33–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine, S., L. Johnson, and K. Peters. 1999. Community Gardens and Sustainable Land Use Planning: A Case‐Study of the Alex Wilson Community Garden. Local Environment 4 (1): 33–46.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, J. 2003. Building a Red‐Green Food Movement. Canadian Dimensions 37 (5): 6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, J., and L. Baker. 2005. Eating Outside the Box: FoodShare's Good Food Box and the Challenge of Scale. Agriculture and Human Values 22 (3): 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, M. 1999. Nomadic Identities: The Performance of Citizenship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, C. 2003. Vagabond Capitalism and the Necessity of Social Reproduction. In Implicating Empire: Globalization and Resistance in the 21st Century World Order, edited by S. Aronowitz and H. Gautney, 255–270. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz, H. E. 2001. Differentiating Multiple Meanings of Garden and Community. Urban Geography 22 (7): 656–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lololi, A. 2001. Video interview with Jin Huh. Toronto, 17 August.
   Google Scholar
• Malakoff, D. 2004. What Good Is Community Gardening? American Community Gardening Association. [http:www.communitygarden.orgwhatgood.php].
   Google Scholar
• Moffett, D., and M. L. Morgan. 1999. Women as Organizers: Building Confidence and Community through Food. In Women Working the NAFTA Food Chain: Women, Food and Globalization, edited by D. Barndt, 221–236. Toronto: Second Story Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mougeot, L. J. A. 1999. For Self‐Reliant Cities: Urban Food Production in a Globalizing South. In For Hunger‐Proof Cities: Sustaining Urban Food Systems, edited by M. Koc, R. Macrae, L. J. A. Mougeot, and J. Welsh, 11–25. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• OMAFRA [Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs]. 2004. Area, Production and Farm Value of Specified Commercial Vegetable Crops, Ontario. [http:www.gov.on.caOMAFRAenglishstatshortvegsumoo.html].
   Google Scholar
• Ramdharry, M. 2000. Interview with Heather Maclean. Toronto, 18 July.
   Google Scholar
• Scharf, K. 1999. A Nonprofit System for Fresh‐Produce Distribution: The Case of Toronto, Canada. In For Hunger‐Proof Cities: Sustaining Urban Food Systems, edited by M. Koc, R. Macrae, L. J. A. Mougeot, and J. Welsh, 122–127. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Schmelzkopf, K. 1995. Urban Community Gardens as Contested Space. Geographical Review 85 (3): 364–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit, J., and J. Nasr. 1992. Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities: Using Wastes and Idle Land and Water Bodies as Resources. Environment and Urbanization 4 (2): 141–152.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. M., and H. E. Kurtz. 2003. Community Gardens and Politics of Scale in New York City. Geographical Review 93 (2): 193–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starr, A. 2000. Naming the Enemy: Anti‐Corporate Movements Confront Globalization. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP [United Nations Development Programme]. 1996. Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Wekerle, G. R. 2000. Multicultural Gardens: Changing the Landscape of the City. In Proceedings of the International Symposium: Urban Agriculture and Horticulture; The Linkage with Urban Planning, edited by H. Hoffmann and K. Mathey, 1–9. Berlin: Humboldt University of Berlin and TRIALOG.
   Google Scholar
• Wekerle, G. R. 2002. Community Gardening and Urban Agriculture: What's Missing from Toronto's New Official Plan. Ontario Planning Journal 17 (4): 25–26.
   Google Scholar
• Wekerle, G. R. 2004. Food Justice Movements: Policy, Planning, and Networks. Journal of Planning Education and Research 23 (4): 378–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, J., and R. Macrae. 1998. Food Citizenship and Community Food Security: Lessons from Toronto, Canada. Canadian Journal of Development Studies 19 (Special Issue): 237–255.
   Google Scholar
• Winson, A. 1993. The Intimate Commodity: Food and the Development of the Agro‐Industrial Complex in Canada. Aurora, Ont.: Garamond Press.
   Google Scholar