19
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The U.S. Military as Geographical Agent: The Case of Cold War AlaskaFootnote*

Pages 47-72 | Received 21 Apr 2010, Published online: 04 Nov 2019

References

  • AAC [Alaskan Air Command]. 1958. History, Background and Present Status of the Alaskan Air Command TACAN Program. Archives, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Part D, Series 1, File 25.
  • AAC [Alaskan Air Command]. 1961. The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory: History, Mission, Environment. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 4, Drawer 1.
  • AAC DCS/C [Alaskan Air Command, Deputy Chief of Staff / Comptroller]. 1970. Letter to Public Affairs. Subject: Economic Impact Information, 14 September. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 3, Drawer 2.
  • AAC DCS/C [Alaskan Air Command, Deputy Chief of Staff / Comptroller]. 1976–1979, 1983–1985, 1988. Economic Impact Brochure for the Military in Alaska. Anchorage: Headquarters, Alaskan Air Command. [Each volume covers the preceding fiscal year.].
  • AAC MAD [Alaskan Air Command, Management Analysis Directorate]. 1976. Support Provided by AAC to State of Alaska, Local Communities, and Non‐DoD Agencies. Study 76–3. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 4, Drawer 3.
  • AC DCS/C [Alaskan Command, Deputy Chief of Staff / Comptroller]. 1990. Economic Impact Brochure for the Military in Alaska, Fiscal Year 1989. Anchorage: Headquarters, Alaskan Air Command.
  • ACOC [Anchorage Chamber of Commerce]. 1961. General Development and Statistical Data of the Greater Anchorage Area. Anchorage: Anchorage Chamber of Commerce.
  • ACPC [Anchorage City Planning Commission, Advisory Committee on Economic Studies]. 1958. The Economic Base of the Greater Anchorage Area. Anchorage: Municipality of Anchorage.
  • ADN [Anchorage Daily News]. 1955. Alaskans Help Secure Our Skies. Anchorage Daily News, 12 October, §A, 5.
  • AFCS [Air Force Communications Service]. 1967. Mission of the Alaskan Communications Region‐AFCS. N.p.: Air Force Communications Service, Alaskan Communications Region.
  • Air University. N.d. History of Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 4, Drawer 4.
  • Alascom. 1992. The Alascom Story. Anchorage: Alascom External Affairs.
  • Alaska Industry. 1972. Ruegg Outlines Military Economic Impact on Alaska. Alaska Industry, June, 1–5. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 3, Drawer 2.
  • Alaska Railroad. N.d. The Alaska Railroad: Historical Summary. Anchorage: Alaska Railroad.
  • Alaskan. 1959. Alaska Scout Armories. The Alaskan, 23 April, 18–22. Archives, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Kay J. Kennedy Aviation Collection, Series 6, Box 28, Folder 61.
  • Allen, W. J. 1993. An Ace in the Hole‐A Study of Alaska's Railmobile Command Post. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Eleventh Air Control Wing and Elmendorf Consolidated History Office.
  • Ambrose, S. E. 1993. Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy since 1938. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Armstrong, T. E. 1978. Ethical Problems of Northern Development. Polar Record 19 (118): 3–10.
  • AT [Anchorage Times]. 1954a. Anchorage Awash in a Sea of Soldiers. Anchorage Times, 18 May, 20.
  • AT [Anchorage Times]. 1954b. Big‐City Problems Beset Anchorage. Anchorage Times, 29 May, 18.
  • AT [Anchorage Times]. 1955a. Housing Boom in Anchorage. Anchorage Times, 25 May, 6.
  • AT [Anchorage Times]. 1955b. Military Driving Construction Needs. Anchorage Times, 15 June, 12.
  • AT [Anchorage Times]. 1970. Arctic Ocean Research Key for Security. Anchorage Times, 10 April, 8.
  • ATSDR [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]. 1999. Health Consultation, Fort Greely SM‐1A Nuclear Reactor (Fort Greely a/k/a Fort Greely Military Reservation), Fort Greely, Southeast Fairbank [sic] County, Alaska. CERCLIS No. AK8214522155. [http:www.atsdr.cdc.govHACPHAgreelygre_toc.html].
  • Atwood, E. 1957. Anchorage: All‐American City. Portland, Ore.: Binfords and Mort.
  • Baliles, R. K. 1974. Defense Spending in Alaska. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Office of Comptroller.
  • Bedard, P. 1987. On Siberian Border, Eskimo Scouts Are “Eyes and Ears.” DMVA [Department of Military and Veterans Affairs] Impact, November, 3.
  • BHBC [Birch, Horton, Bittner, and Cherot]. 1997. Threats to the Health and Environment of Alaska Natives in the Nuclear Age: The U.S. Government's Treatment of Alaska Native Research Subjects in a Thyroid Function Study Involving the Administration of Radioactive Iodine‐131. Anchorage: Birch, Horton, Bittner, and Cherot.
  • Bowen, B. L. 1970. The Economic Impact of the Military in Alaska. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaskan Command Comptroller.
  • Bowen, B. L. 1971. Defense Spending in Alaska. Alaska Review of Business and Economic Conditions 8 (1): 1–16.
  • Bowkett, G. E. 1989. Reaching for a Star: The Final Campaign for Alaska Statehood. Fairbanks: Epicenter Press.
  • Britton, M. 1964. ONR/Arctic Research Laboratory. Bioscience 14 (5): 44–48.
  • Browne, R. 1953. Alaska's Largest City, Anchorage: An Analysis of Its Growth and Future Possibilities, 1951–1952. Juneau: Alaska Development Board.
  • Buske, N., P. K. Miller, and L. Eckstein. 2000. The Nuclear Reactor at Fort Greely. Anchorage: Alaska Community Action on Toxics. [http:www.akaction.netFTGreely.pdf].
  • Case, T. R. 1999. Your Military in Alaska: An Economic Perspective. Paper presented at the State of the Economy Forum, Alaska State Legislature, 9 February.
  • Chance, N. A. 1962. Directed Change and Northern Peoples. In Change in Alaska: People, Petroleum, and Politics, edited by G. A. Rogers, 180–194. College: University of Alaska Press.
  • Chance, N. A. 2002. Project Chariot: The Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson, Alaska. [http:arcticcircle.uconn.eduVirtualClassroomChariotchariot.html].
  • Cloe, J. H., with M. F. Monaghan. 1984. Top Cover for America: The Air Force in Alaska, 1920–1983. Missoula, Mont.: Anchorage Chapter, Air Force Association and Pictorial Histories Publishing Co..
  • Cooley, R. A. 1954. Fairbanks, Alaska: A Survey of Progress. Juneau: Alaska Development Board.
  • Coy, M. D. 2002. Interview with the author. Camp Carroll, Alaska, 25 February.
  • Crow, R. E. 1975. Defense Impact Trends in Alaska. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaskan Air Command Comptroller, Management Analysis Directorate, Cost Analysis Division.
  • Davis, T. N. 1992. The College Hill Chronicles: How the University of Alaska Came of Age. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Foundation.
  • Denfeld, D. C. 1994. The Cold War in Alaska: A Management Plan for Cultural Resources, 1994–1999. Anchorage: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District.
  • Denfeld, D. C. 1996. The Cold War: Alaska, the Northern Bulwark. Journal of America's Military Past 23 (1): 38–52.
  • Denfeld, D. C. 2001. Interview with the author. Las Vegas, Nev., 16 June.
  • DOA [Department of the Army]. 1976. Installation Assessment of Gerstle River Test Site. Records Evaluation Report No. 105, vol. 1. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Department of the Army, Office of the Project Manager for Chemical Demilitarization and Installation Restoration.
  • DOD [Department of Defense]. N.d. DoD Manpower in Alaska, 1950–1975. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 3, Drawer 2.
  • Doel, R. E. 1997. The Earth Sciences and Geophysics. In Science in the Twentieth Century, edited by J. Krige and D. Pestre, 361–388. London: Harwood Academic Publishers.
  • DOI [Department of the Interior]. 1956. The Alaska Railroad: History and Organization. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior.
  • Fasnacht, R. J., S. J. Foley, T. L. Jentz, M. C. Lamp, and others. 1992. US Army Corps of Engineers SM‐1A Nuclear Power Plant Historical Summary. N.p.: Halliburton Environmental Corporation and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
  • Fay, E. C. 1955. Eskimo Scouts Always Alert to Possible Arctic Invasion. Fairbanks News-Miner, 24 February, 9.
  • Fineberg, R. A. 1972. The Dragon Goes North: Chemical and Biological Warfare Testing in Alaska. Santa Barbara, Calif.: McNally and Loftin.
  • FNSB [Fairbanks North Star Borough]. 2005. Historical Population Statistics. [http:www.co.fairbanks.ak.usCommunityPlanningComprehensivePlanstatisticstrends1880‐00.htm].
  • Fried, N. 1996. Defense: Still One of Alaska's Biggest Exports. Alaska Economic Trends 16 (9): 7–16.
  • Fried, N., and G. Huff. 1984. The Military Role in Alaska's Economy. Alaska Economic Trends 4 (9): 1–8.
  • Fried, N., and B. Windisch‐cole. 2002. The Federal Government in Alaska. 2002. Alaska Economic Trends 22 (2): 3–14.
  • Goldsmith, O. S. 2000. The Alaska Economic Database: Charting Four Decades of Change. ISER Working Paper 00.1. University of Alaska, Anchorage, Institute of Social and Economic Research.
  • Goldsmith, O. S., and E. Larson. 2003. Federal Spending and Revenues in Alaska. Anchorage: University of Alaska, Anchorage, Institute of Social and Economic Research.
  • Gruening, E. 1967. The Battle for Alaska Statehood. College: University of Alaska Press.
  • Haycox, S. W. 1989. Rediscovering Alaska: Ways of Thinking about Alaska History. Pacifica 1 (2): 101–128.
  • Haycox, S. W. 2001a. Interview with the author. Anchorage, Alaska, 18 September.
  • Haycox, S. W. 2001b. The View from Above: Alaska and the Great Northwest. In The Great Northwest: The Search for Regional Identity, edited by W. G. Robbins, 145–157. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
  • Haycox, S. W. 2002. Alaska Was Built with Federal Aid. Anchorage Daily News, 2 August, §B, 6.
  • Hilscher, H., and M. Hilscher. 1959. Alaska, U.S.A. Boston: Little, Brown.
  • Hoffecker, J. F., and M. Whorton. 1995. Historic Properties of the Cold War Era: 21st Space Wing, US Air Force Space Command. Argonne, Ill.: Argonne National Laboratory.
  • Hollander, Z. 2002a. Mothballed Post Now Front Line. Anchorage Daily News, 16 June, §A, 1.
  • Hollander, Z. 2002b. Pact's Demise Means Millions for Alaska. Anchorage Daily News, 13 June, §A, 1.
  • HQ 1804th [Headquarters, 1804th Airways and Air Communications Service Wing]. N.d. News release. Archives, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Part D, Series 1, File 25.
  • HQ USAF [Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Special Ad Hoc Team]. 1958. Report on TACAN Operational Utility, Maintainability, and Reliability in the Alaskan Air Command. Archives, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Part D, Series 1, File 25.
  • Hummel, L. J. 2002. Alaska's Militarized Landscape: The Unwritten Legacy of the Cold War. Ph.D. diss. University of Colorado, Boulder.
  • Johnson, B. 1996. Fort Greely's Remote Reactor: Alaska's Experiment with Nuclear Power. Alaska History 11 (1): 26–34.
  • Johnson, W. R. 1993. Testing Nuclear Power in Alaska: The Reactor at Fort Greely. M.A. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
  • Kawagley, A. O. 1995. A Yupiaq Worldview: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
  • Kelley, M. 2002. GIs, Public Used in 60s‐Era Tests. Anchorage Daily News, 10 October, §A, 1.
  • Kennedy, M. S., ed. 1982. Transportation in Alaska's Past. Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society.
  • Kursh, H. 1961. This Is Alaska. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice‐Hall.
  • Leslie, S. W. 1993. The Cold War and American Science: The Military‐Industrial‐Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Lewis, D. 1959. Is Alaska Expendable? Flying, December, 30.
  • Mason, W. L. 1974. Defense Spending in Alaska. Staff of the Alaskan Air Command Comptroller. Archives, Eleventh Air Force, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Cabinet 3, Drawer 2.
  • Memorandum. 1958. Memorandum to Colonel Lehnard. Subject: History and Status of TACAN Program for Alaska and Western Canada. Archives, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Part D, Series 1, File 25.
  • Mighetto, L., and C. Homstad. 1997. Engineering in the Far North: A History of the US Army Engineer District in Alaska, 1867–1992. [Missoula, Mont.?]: Historical Research Associates.
  • Naske, C. M. 1986. Paving Alaska's Trails: The Work of the Alaska Road Commission. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America.
  • Naske, C. M., and H. E. Slotnick. 1987. Alaska: A History of the 49th State. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Nielson, J. M. 1977. Kaktovik, Alaska: An Overview of Relocations. Prepared jointly by J. M. Nielson and the North Slope Borough Planning Department for the City of Kaktovik and the North Slope Borough Commission on History & Culture. N.p.
  • Nielson, J. M. 1988. Armed Forces on a Northern Frontier: The Military in Alaska's History, 1867–1987. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
  • NRC [National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Evaluation of 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Iodine‐131]. 1996. The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study: A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
  • OHA [Alaska Office of History and Archaeology]. 1996. Site Summit: Nike Hercules Missile Installation, Fort Richardson, Alaska. Anchorage: Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Office of History and Archaeology.
  • O'neill, D. 1994. The Firecracker Boys. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Pagano, R. 1998. Protecting Northern Skies. Alaska Geographic 25 (4): 43–60.
  • Point Hope. 1992. Atomic Energy Commission Offenses against the Peace and Security of the Inupiat of Point Hope. Native Village of Point Hope press release, 17 October. [http:arcticcircle.uconn.eduVirtualClassroomChariotpthopeprotest.html].
  • Reed, J. C., and A. G. Ronhovde. 1971. Arctic Laboratory: A History (1947–1966) of the Naval Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington, D.C.: Arctic Institute of North America.
  • Reuter. 1997. Eskimos Seek Redress for Cold War Medical Tests, 2/1/97. [http:www.thepeoplespaths.netnewsalaska.htm].
  • Reynolds, G. L. 1988. Historical Overview and Inventory: White Alice Communications System. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District.
  • Robertson, I. 1989. Alaska National Guard Mission Expansion … on the First Line of Defense. DMVA [Department of Military and Veterans Affairs] Impact, January, 18.
  • Rock, H. 1962. Editorial. Tundra Times, 1 November, 1.
  • Rogers, G. W. 1962. The Future of Alaska: Economic Consequences of Statehood. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Rogers, G. W., and R. A. Cooley. 1963. Alaska's Population and Economy: Regional Growth, Development and Future Outlook. Vol. 2. College: University of Alaska.
  • Ruskin, L. 2002. Stevens Backs Weapons Test Probe. Anchorage Daily News, 11 October, §B, 1.
  • Salley, E. M. N.d. 19611971, A Decade of Growth: Historical Milestones of the Alaskan Communications Region. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base.
  • Schaffel, K. 1991. The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of the Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History.
  • Schell, S. 2002. Alaska Fat on Federal Spending. Anchorage Daily News, 5 February, §D, 1.
  • Seidler, W. J. 1996. The Coldest Front: Cold War Military Properties in Alaska. U.S. Department of Defense, Legacy Resource Management Program. Draft report.
  • Sherwood, M. B., ed. 1967. Alaska and Its History. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Simon, J., S. T. Howdeshell, R. A. Sattler, and K. D. Adamczak. 2001. 1999 Final Report on Military Impacts to Tribes in Interior Alaska. The Tanana Chiefs Conference Tribal Environmental Restoration Program (TERP). Fairbanks: Tanana Chiefs Conference.
  • Spence, C. C. 1995. Fairbanks Exploration Goes to War. Alaska History 10 (1): 28–43.
  • Sullivan, J. W. 1971. The Economic Base of Fairbanks, Alaska. M.B.A. thesis, University of Alaska.
  • Taylor, Alan. 2000. The Strangest Town in Alaska: The History of Whittier, Alaska and the Portage Valley. Seattle, Wash.: Kokogiak Media.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. 1995. Historical census data. [http:www.census.govpopulationcencountsak190090.txt].
  • U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 1953. Statehood for Alaska: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Territories and Insular Possessions of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 83rd Cong., 1st sess., 14–17 April.
  • USACE AD [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District]. 2002. Port of Whittier real estate file. Real Estate Division Archives.
  • USACE CRREL [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory]. 2002. Basic Research Facilities. Formerly at [http:www.crrel.usace.army.milalaska‐officebasicres.html].
  • USARAL [U.S. Army Alaska]. 1965. Building Alaska with the US Army, 1867–1965. Pamphlet 360–5. N.p.: Headquarters, U.S. Army Alaska, Information Office.
  • USARAL [U.S. Army Alaska]. 1968. Haines‐Fairbanks Pipeline, Whittier‐Anchorage Pipeline: General Description of Facilities. Pamphlet 360–1. N.p.: Headquarters, U.S. Army Alaska, Petroleum Distribution Office.
  • USARAL [U.S. Army Alaska]. 1969. The Army's Role in the Building of Alaska. Pamphlet 360–5. N.p.: Headquarters, U.S. Army Alaska, Information Office.
  • USARAL [U.S. Army Alaska]. 1972. The US Army in Alaska. Pamphlet 360–5. N.p.: Headquarters, U.S. Army Alaska, Information Office.
  • USARAL [U.S. Army Alaska]. 1976. The US Army in Alaska. N.p.: U.S. Army, 172d Infantry Brigade Headquarters, Command Information Officer.
  • Vandegraft, D. L. 1993. Project Chariot: Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson. Reprinted from Proceedings of the U.S. Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee Workshop on Arctic Contamination, Session A, May 6, 1993, Anchorage, Alaska. [http:arcticcircle.uconn.eduVirtualClassroomChariotvandegraft.html].
  • Walker, M. 1994. The Cold War: A History. New York: Henry Holt.
  • Whitehead, J. S. 1998. Alaska and Hawai'i: The Cold War States. In The Cold War American West, 1945–1989, edited by K. J. Fernlund, 189–210. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Williams, M. 2000. Interview with the author. Anchorage, Alaska, 15 March.
  • Wise, M. 1978. Ice Islands of the Arctic: Alaskan Air Command's Arctic Experience. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaskan Air Command.
  • Wise, M. 1982. Cool Barge: Resupply of Alaskan Air Command's Remote Sites. Anchorage: Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaskan Air Command, Office of History.
  • Woodman, L. L. 1999. Duty Station Northwest: The US Army in Alaska and Western Canada, 1867–1987. Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society.
  • Worden, W. L. 1947. One Division Could Take Alaska. Saturday Evening Post, 2 August, 23–31.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.