Traceability: Tracking and Privacy in the Food SystemFootnote^*

* The author thanks the many people who answered her questions about traceability, the students in her food classes, traceability and geotracking panelists at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the anonymous reviewers, and her husband, Frank Popper, for his close reading of the manuscript.

References

• Albrecht, K., and L. Mcintyre. 2005. Spychips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move with RFID. Nashville, Tenn.: Nelson Current.
   Google Scholar
• Ansley, F. 1999. Putting the Pieces Together: Tennessee Women Find the Global Economy in Their Own Backyards. In Women Working the NAFTA Food Chain: Women, Food and Globalization, edited by D. Barndt, 141–160. Toronto: Second Story Press.
   Google Scholar
• Artz, G. M. 2006. Immigrants, Meat Packing and Processing Industries and Communities in the Midwestern United States. Paper prepared for the Immigration and Agriculture Conference, Washington, D.C., 15 June. [ [http://migration.ncdavis.edu/cf/more.phpid=194_0_2_0].
   Google Scholar
• Barbozo, D. 2007. China Vows Food‐Safety Changes. New York Times, 30 June, §A, 1, 22.
   Google Scholar
• Barndt, D. 2002. Tangled Routes: Women, Work, and Globalization on the Tomato Trail. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, H. R., B. W. Ilbery, A. W. Browne, and T. Binns. 1999. Globalization and the Changing Networks of Food Supply: The Importation of Fresh Horticultural Produce from Kenya into the UK. Transactions Institute of British Geographers 24 (2): 159–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belasco, W. 2006. Meals to Come: A History of the Future of Food. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D., and G. Valentine, eds. 1997. Consuming Geographies: We Are Where We Eat. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno, A. 1994. From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Brownell, K. D. 2004. Food Fight. New York: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Buhr, B. L. 2000. Information Technology and Changing Supply Chain Behavior: A Discussion. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82 (5): 1130–1132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch, L. 2004. Grades and Standards in the Social Construction of Safe Food. In The Politics of Food, edited by M. E. Lien and B. Nerlich, 163–178. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Business Wire. 2005: Introduction of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Retailing and Its Supply Chains. Business Wire [Dublin], July 28. [www.researchandmarkets.comreportsc21572].
   Google Scholar
• CEC [Commission of European Communities]. 2007. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Europe: Steps Toward a Policy Framework. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. [http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/rfid/doc/rfid_en.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Chalk, P. 2004. Hitting America's Soft Underbelly: The Potential Threat of Deliberate Biological Attacks against the United States Agriculture and Food Industry. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Clemens, R. 2003. Meat Traceability in Japan. Iowa Ag Review Online. 9 (4): 1–3. [www.card.iastate.eduiowa_ag_reviewfall_03IAR.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Coveney, J. 2006. Food, Morals and Meaning: The Pleasure and Anxiety of Eating, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Duram, L. A. 2005. Good Growing: Why Organic Farming Makes Sense. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elamin, A. 2005a. The Age of Consent for RFID. Monthly Comment. Foodnavigator.com, 20 June. [www.foodnavigator.comnewsng.aspn=607581FNEG620c].
   Google Scholar
• Elamin, A. 2005b. Food Safety for All. Weekly Comment. Foodnavigator.com, 14 November. [www.foodnavigator.comnews/ng.aspn=63869m=1FNEN14c].
   Google Scholar
• FAO [U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2004. Report of the Expert Consultation on Data Formats and Procedures for Monitoring Control and Surveillance. FAO Fisheries Report No. 761. [http://www.fao.orgdocrepfao007y5864ey5864e00.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Ferrieres, M. 2006. Sacred Cow, Mad Cow: A History of Food Fears. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, D. 1998. Cutting into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Change in the Rural Midwest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freidberg, S. 2004. French Beans and Food Scares: Culture and Commerce in an Anxious Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Friedmann, H. 1999. Remaking “Traditions”: How We Eat, What We Eat and the Changing Political Economy of Food. Women Working the NAFTA Food Chain: Women, Food, and Globalization, edited by D. Barndt, 36–60. Toronto: Second Story Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, E. 2006. Euro‐Thai Economic Links Expanding. Bangkok Post, 23 April. [www.freshplaza.com200624aprec2_th_eu‐relations.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Glassheim, E., J. Nagel, and C. D. Roele. 2004. The New Marketplace in European Agriculture: Environmental and Social Values within the Food Chain. Fargo, N.Dak.: Northern Great Plains, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Golan, E., B. Krissoff, and F. Kuchler. 2002. Traceability for Food Marketing & Food Safety: What's the Next Step Agricultural Outlook, January February, 21–25. [www.ers.usda.govpublicationsagoutlookjan2002a0288f.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Halkier, B. 2004. Handling Food‐Related Risks: Political Agency and Governmentality. In The Politics of Food, edited by M. E. Lien and B. Nerlich, 21–38. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D. 2004. Explaining the Diversity of Southeast Asian Shrimp Aquaculture. Journal of Agrarian Change 4 (3): 315–335.
   Google Scholar
• Halweil, B. 2004. Eat Here: Reclaiming Pleasure in a Global Supermarket. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Hassanein, N. 1997. Networking Knowledge in the Sustainable Agriculture Movement: Some Implications of the Gender Dimension. Society and Natural Resources 10 (3): 251–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickson, M. K., and W. D. Heffernan. 2002a. Concentration in Agricultural Markets. [www.nfu.orgwp‐contentuploads20060320022001_02_Concentration_report.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Hendrickson, M. K., and W. D. Heffernan. 2002b. Opening Spaces through Relocalization: Locating Potential Resistance in the Weaknesses of the Global Food System. Sociologia Ruralis 42 (4): 347–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs, J. E., D. V. Bailey, D. L. Dickinson, and M. Haghiri. 2005. Traceability in the Canadian Red Meat Sector: Do Consumers Care Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 53 (1): 47–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, S. A., and M. R. Taylor, eds. 2005. Toward Safer Food: Perspectives on Risk and Priority Setting. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future.
   Google Scholar
• Humphries, C. 2001. Food Labels as a Method of Risk Communication at the Retail Level in the United Kingdom. In Governing Food: Science, Safety and Trade, edited by P. W. B. Phillips and R. Wolfe, 115–122. Montreal: McGill‐Queen's University Press.
   Google Scholar
• IDTechEX. 2005. Food Traceability—New Motives, New Methods. IDTechEX, 5 September. [www.idtechex.comproductsenarticles00000254.asp].
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, T. K., P. Chalk, J. Bonomo, J. Parachini, and others 2004. Office of Science and Technology Policy Blue Ribbon Panel on the Threat of Biological Terrorism Directed against Livestock Conference Proceedings. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsolver, B., with S. L. Hopp and C. Kingsolver. 2007. Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life. New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschenmann, F. 2000. The Hijacking of Organic Agriculture and How USDA Is Facilitating the Theft. Ecology and Farming, May‐August. [www.organicconsumers.orgOrganickirschenmann.cfm].
   Google Scholar
• Knight, A. J., and R. Warland. 2005. Determinants of Food Safety Risks: A Multi‐Disciplinary Approach. Rural Sociology 70 (2): 253–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, E. 2003. Traceability in Fish Processing. In Food Authenticity and Traceability, edited by M. Lees, 507–517. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lees, M., ed. 2003. Food Authenticity and Traceability. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, M. 2006. Animal Tagging Law Is Too Big a Burden. San Antonio Express News, 8 April, §B, 11. [www.mysanantonio.comopinionstoriesMYSA040806.02O.levincomment.1207acd1.html].
   Google Scholar
• Lyson, T. A. 2004. Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and Community. Medford, Mass.: Tufts University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maclachlan, I. 2001. Kill and Chill: Restructuring Canada's Beef Commodity Chain. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maclachlan, I. 2004. Betting the Farm: Food Safety and the Beef Commodity Chain. In Feeding the Future: From Fat to Famine, How to Solve the World's Food Crises, edited by A. Heintzeman and E. Solomon, 37–69. Toronto: Anansi Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, R. 2004. Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization. New York: North Point Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, T., and N. Wrigley. 1996. Retailing, the Food System and the Regulatory State. In Retailing, Consumption and Capital: Towards the New Retail Geography, edited by N. Wrigley and M. Lowe, 33–47. Harlow, England: Longman Group.
   Google Scholar
• Mchughen, A. 2000. Uninformation and the Choice of Paradox. Nature Biotechnology 18 (10): 1018–1019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcmichael, P. 1998. Global Food Politics. Monthly Review 50 (3): 97–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mctaggart, J. 2005. Taking a Bite Out of Baggers. Brandweek 46 (26): 42–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, L. 2003. The Economics of Animal Welfare Issues. In Agricultural Policy Reform in the WTO, edited by M. E. Burfisher, 171–173. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Moorman, C., R. Du, and C. F. Mela. 2005. The Effects of Standardized Information on Firm Survival and Marketing Strategies. Marketing Science 24 (2): 263–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, K., T. Marsden, and J. Murdoch. 2006. Worlds of Food: Place, Power, and Provenance in the Food Chain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Naylor, R., H. Steinfeld, W. Falcon, J. Galloway, V. Smil, and others 2005. Losing the Links Between Livestock and Land. Science 310 (5754): 1621–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, S. 2006. Tracking the Livestock. Santa Fe New Mexican, 13 August, §A, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Nestle, M. 2002. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nestle, M. 2003. Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osborn, C. 2006. Livestock Registration Idea Stabled. Austin American‐Statesman, 7 April, B08.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, D. 2005. Opening Up Access to European Food Data. Foodnavigator.com, 7 October. [www.foodnavigator.comnews/ng.aspid=63052].
   Google Scholar
• PG [Progressive Grocer]. 2006a. Italian Coop Chain Sees ROI on Container‐Tracking System. 2006. Progressive Grocer, 26 July. [www.allbusiness.comretail‐tradefood‐stores4261725–.1html].
   Google Scholar
• PG [Progressive Grocer]. 2006b. Loblaw Expands Data Warehouse for Stronger Store‐Level Forecasting. Progressive Grocer, 19 September. [www.allbusiness.comretail‐tradefood‐stores4262187–1.html].
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, P. W. B. 2001. Food Safety, Trade Policy and International Institutions. In Governing Food: Science, Safety and Trade, edited by P. W. B. Phillips and R. Wolfe, 27–48. Montreal: McGill‐Queen's University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pirog, R., and A. Benjamin. 2003. Checking the Food Odometer: Comparing the Food Miles for Local versus Conventional Produce Sales to Iowa Institutions Ames, Iowa: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture. [www.leopold.iastate.edupubsstafffilesfood_travel072103.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Pollan, M. 2006. The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pongprasert, S. 2005. Food Traceability: Shrimp Tracked from Farm to Table. The Nation [Bangkok], 31 October. [www.ontraceagrifood.comdocumentsThailand20Traceability20The20Nation.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Pringle, P. 2003. Food, Inc.: Mendel to Monsanto: The Promises and Perils of the Biotech Harvest. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Radke, V. 2006. The Need for Partnerships for Food Safety. Journal of Environmental Health 69 (2): 34–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralph, B. 2006. Farms Question Tracking Programs; Panel Discusses USDA Animal Identification and Premises Registry. [Dubuque, Iowa] Telegraph Herald, 29 June, §A, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Regattieri, A., M. Gamberi, and R. Manzini. 2007. Traceability of Food Products: General Framework and Experimental Evidence. Journal of Food Engineering 81 (2): 347–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, G. 2007. China Expects to Close Half of Smaller Processors. Foodnavigator.com, 12 July. [www.foodnavigator‐usa.comnewsng.aspn=78130m=1FNU712c=zcyafzpiqzdgnre].
   Google Scholar
• Rich, S. 2006. Using Cell Phones for Food Traceability. World Changing, 23 November. [www.worldchanging.comarchives005403.html].
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, U. 1906. The Jungle. New York: Doubleday, Page.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. 2006. Agricultural Services Information Systems: A Vital Tool for Raw Product Traceability. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Saint Louis, Mo., 16–20 February.
   Google Scholar
• Souza‐monteiro, D., and J. A. Caswell. 2004. The Economics of Implementing Traceability in Beef Supply Chains: Trends in Major Producing Trading Countries. Working paper, Department of Resource Economics, University of Massachusetts. [ [www.umass.eduresecworkingpapers.htm].
   Google Scholar
• Stack, M. J., A. Balachandran, M. Chaplin, L. Davis, and others 2004. The First Canadian Case of BSE. Canadian Veterinary Journal 45 (10): 825–830.
   Google Scholar
• Strathern, M., ed. 2000. Audit Culture: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics, and the Academy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tarnowski, J. 2006. The Produce Supply Chain Challenge. Executive Insight Series. Progressive Grocer, 1 June. [www.progressivegrocer.comprogressivegrocerimagespdfCH_Robinson_PG_PDF.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, O. 2003. Supply Chain Tools Pay Off. Food Engineering 75 (11): 47–50, 52.
   Google Scholar
• Tibbetts, J. 2001. Aquaculture: Satisfying the Global Appetite. Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (7): A318–A323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA‐APHIS [U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service]. 2005. National Animal Identification System (NAIS): A State‐Federal‐Industry Cooperative Effort. Draft Strategic Plan, 2005 to 2009. [ [http://www.cv.nrao.edu/hliszt/RFI/NAIS‐MSSI/NAIS_Draft_Strategic_Plan_42505.pdf].
   Google Scholar
• Weisman, R. 2005. Born Free Eggs Etches Data on Its Fragile Wares. Boston Globe, 19 September, §E, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Zylberman, P. 2004. Making Food Safety an Issue: Internationalized Food Politics and French Public Health from the 1970s to the Present. Med History 48 (1): 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar