22
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Separate But Equal? Desegregating Baltimore's Golf Courses*

Pages 151-170 | Received 21 Apr 2010, Published online: 04 Nov 2019

References

  • Adams, W. L., and C. Wagandt. 1977. An Inquiry into the Civil Rights Activities of Two Maryland Leaders during the Mid‐Twentieth Century. Baltimore: Governor Theodore McKeldin‐Dr. Lillie May Jackson Project.
  • Afro‐American. 1934a. The New Golf Course. Afro‐American, 18 August, 4.
  • Afro‐American. 1934b. New Golf Links. Afro‐American, 25 August, 4.
  • Afro‐American. 1934c. Park Board Ruling Given Temporary Trial by Golfers. Afro‐American, 22 September, 1.
  • Afro‐American. 1942a. City Fights Opening of Golf Courses. Afro‐American, 30 June, 1, 9.
  • Afro‐American. 1942b. Golf Rally Slated for Thursday. Afro‐American, 16 June, 1.
  • Afro‐American. 1942c. Judge O'Dunne's Charge to Jury in Golf Case. Afro‐American, 30 June, 9.
  • Afro‐American. 1942d. 16 Golfers at Mt. Pleasant. Afro‐American, 7 July, 1, 23.
  • Afro‐American. 1949a. Clergy Bars Action on Park Murder but Admits “Guilt. Afro‐American, 18 October, 24.
  • Afro‐American. 1949b. Policy of Park Board Blamed in Boy's Death. Afro‐American, 4 October, 1, 14.
  • Baltimore News. 1898. Fair Carroll Park. Baltimore News, 23 July, 9.
  • Baltimore News. 1901. Park Board's Report. Baltimore News, 8 June, 2.
  • Baltimore News. 1903. Eyes on Carroll Park. Baltimore News, 7 February, 12.
  • Baltimore Sun. 1923. Third Golf Course Is Planned by City. Baltimore Sun, 10 April, 26.
  • Baltimore News. 1924a. Carroll Park Site Sold for $115,000. Baltimore Sun, 28 August, 3, 22.
  • Baltimore News. 1924b. Golf Course Opens at Carroll Park. Baltimore Sun, 5 July, 7.
  • Baltimore News. 1924c. Property Sold Unsuitable for Park, Boyd Says. Baltimore Sun, 12 August, 24.
  • Baltimore News. 1934a. Pros May Use Courses Free. Baltimore Sun, 15 August, 14.
  • Baltimore News. 1934b. Suspends Orders to Give Golf Course to Negroes. Baltimore Sun, 29 August, 5.
  • Baltimore News. 1942a. Another Trial on Negro Golf. Baltimore Sun, 10 December, 7.
  • Baltimore News. 1942b. Colored Golf Players Lose Course Rights. Baltimore Sun, 10 June, 26.
  • Baltimore News. 1942c. 3 on Board Refuse to Compare Links. Baltimore Sun, 27 June, 9, 20.
  • Baltimore News. 1943. Negro Golf Dispute Ends. Baltimore Sun, 22 April, 7.
  • Baltimore News. 1948. Negro Hosts Play on 9‐Hole Course. Baltimore Sun, 13 August, 22, 34.
  • Baltimore News. 1949. Negro Youth Slain in Carroll Park. Baltimore Sun, 3 October, 17, 24.
  • Baltimore News. 1950. Park Board Approves Golf Tournament. Baltimore Sun, 10 May, 26, 40.
  • Bedimo‐rung, A., J. Gustat, B. J. Tompkins, J. Rice, and J. Thomson. 2006. Development of a Direct Observation Instrument to Measure Environmental Characteristics of Parks for Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3 (Supplement 1): S176–S189.
  • BF [Brown Foundation for Educational Equity, Excellence and Research]. 2004. Brown v. Board of Education: About the Case. [http:brownvboard.orgsummary].
  • Bolin, B., S. Grineski, and T. Collins. 2005. The Geography of Despair: Environmental Racism and the Making of South Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Human Ecology Review 12 (2): 156–168.
  • Bolin, B., A. Nelson, E. J. Hackett, K. D. Pijawka, C. S. Smith, and others. 2002. The Ecology of Technological Risk in a Sunbelt City. Environment and Planning A 34 (2): 317–339.
  • Boone, C. G. 2002. An Assessment and Explanation of Environmental Inequity in Baltimore. Urban Geography 23 (6): 581–595.
  • Boone, C. G. 2005. Zoning and Environmental Inequity in the Industrial East Side. In Land of Sunshine: An Environmental History of Metropolitan Los Angeles, edited by W. Deverell and G. Hise, 167–178. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Bowditch, E. U. 2004. Images of America: Baltimore's Historic Parks and Gardens. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing.
  • BPPC [Board of Public Park Commissioners, Baltimore]. Meeting Minutes, 15 January 1901, 8 August 1924, 6 May 1942, 3, 9, 30 June 1942, 4 May 1943, 29 June 1948, 20 July 1948, 9 May 1950, 22 September 1953. Unpaged.
  • Carroll, J., III. 1876. Last Will and Testament. Copy on file at the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Md.
  • City of Baltimore. 2001. A Master Plan for Carroll Park in Baltimore, Maryland. Baltimore, Md.: Department of Planning.
  • Colten, C. E. 2002. Basin Street Blues: Drainage and Environmental Equity in New Orleans, 1890–1930. Journal of Historical Geography 28 (2): 237–257.
  • Colten, C. E. 2005. An Unnatural Metropolis: Wresting New Orleans from Nature. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Cranz, G. 1982. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Franzosi, R. 1987. The Press as a Source of Socio‐Historical Data: Issues in the Methodology of Data Collection from Newspapers. Historical Methods 20 (1): 5–16.
  • Gibson, L. S., and S. Yoes. 2004. The Battle for the Links: “Nine Holes Could Never Be Equal to Eighteen”, Baltimore Afro‐American, 14–20 February 2004, §B, 3–4.
  • Goings, K. W., and R. A. Mohl. 1996. Toward a New African American Urban History. In The New African American Urban History, edited by K. W. Goings and R. A. Mohl, 1–16. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
  • Hirsch, A. R. 2000. The Race Space Race. Journal of Urban History 26 (4): 519–529.
  • Hurley, A. 1997. Fiasco at Wagner Electric—Environmental Justice and Urban Geography in St. Louis. Environmental History 2 (4): 460–481.
  • Jenkins, R. 1949. Slaying in Carroll Park Stirs Public Indignation. Afro‐American, 4 October, 1, 14.
  • Jensen, R., J. Gatrell, J. Boulton, and B. Harper. 2004. Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to Study Urban Quality of Life and Urban Forest Amenities. Ecology and Society 9 (5): 5.
  • Jones, E. L., and J. L. Levin. [1960] 2003. Toward Equality: Baltimore's Progress Report. Baltimore, Md.: Sidney Hollander Foundation.
  • Kessler, B., and D. Zang. 1989. The Playlife of a City: Baltimore's Recreation and Parks, 1900–1955. Baltimore, Md.: Baltimore City Life Museums and the Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks.
  • Low, S. 2000. On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Low, S., and N. Smith, eds. 2006. The Politics of Public Space. New York: Routledge.
  • Mcdougall, H. A. 1993. Black Baltimore: A New Theory of Community. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.
  • Mitchell, D. 1995. The End of Public Space? People's Park, Definitions of the Public, and Democracy. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85 (1): 108–133.
  • Mitchell, D. 2003. The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Napton, D. E., and C. R. Laingen. 2008. The Expansion of Golf Courses in the United States. Geographical Review 98 (1): 24–41.
  • Olmsted Brothers. 1904. Report upon the Development of Public Grounds for Greater Baltimore. Baltimore, Md.: Municipal Art Society of Baltimore City.
  • Olmsted Brothers. 1926. Report and Recommendations on Park Extension for Baltimore. Baltimore, Md.: Department of Public Works, City Plan Committee.
  • Olson, S. H. 1997. Baltimore: The Building of an American City. Rev. ed. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Orser, W. E. 1994. Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmonson Village Story. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
  • Orser, W. E. 2003. A Tale of Two Park Plans: The Olmsted Vision of Baltimore and Seattle, 1903. Maryland Historical Magazine 98 (4): 467–483.
  • Pastor, M., R. Morello‐frosch, and J. L. Sadd. 2005. The Air Is Always Cleaner on the Other Side: Race, Space, and Ambient Air Toxics Exposures in California. Journal of Urban Affairs 27 (2): 127–148.
  • Perkins, H. A., N. Heynen, and J. Wilson. 2004. Inequitable Access to Urban Reforestation: The Impact of Urban Political Economy on Housing Tenure and Urban Forests. Cities 21 (4): 291–299.
  • Peterson, J. A. 1976. The City Beautiful Movement: Forgotten Origins and Lost Meanings. Journal of Urban History 2 (4): 415–434.
  • Plessy v. Ferguson Case. N.d. Introduction to the Court Opinion on the Plessy v. Ferguson Case. N.d. [http:usa.usembassy.deetextsdemocrac33.htm].
  • Pulido, L. 2000. Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90 (1): 12–40.
  • Reiss, S. A. 1989. City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Roemmich, J. N., L. H. Epstein, S. Raja, L. Yin, J. Robinson, and D. Winiewicz. 2006. Association of Access to Parks and Recreational Facilities with the Physical Activity of Young Children. Preventive Medicine 43 (6): 437–441.
  • Saha, R., and P. Mohai. 2005. Historical Context and Hazardous Waste Facility Siting: Understanding Temporal Patterns in Michigan. Social Problems 52 (4): 618–648.
  • Sandler, R. D., and P. C. Pezzullo. 2007. Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
  • Topographical Survey Commission. 1914. Map of the City of Baltimore. Baltimore: Topographical Commission of the City of Baltimore.
  • Trostel, M. F. 1981. Mount Clare: Being an Account of the Seat Built by Charles Carroll, Barrister, upon his Lands at Patapsco. Baltimore: National Society of Colonial Dames of America in the State of Maryland.
  • Trotter, J. W., ed. 2004. African American Urban Experience: Perspectives from the Colonial Period to the Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ueland, J., and B. Warf. 2006. Racialized Topographies: Altitude and Race in Southern Cities. Geographical Review 96 (1): 50–78.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. 1952. U.S. Census of Population: 1950. Vol. III, Census Tract Statistics. Chap. 4, Baltimore, Md., Census Tracts. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. [www2.census.govprod2decennialdocuments41557421v3p1ch2.pdf].
  • U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Census of Population and Housing, 2000. CenStats Databases, Table dp‐1. [http:censtats.census.govdataMD05024510.pdf].
  • Wells, J. E., II. 2006. The Historical Geography of Racial and Ethnic Access within Baltimore's Carroll Park: 1870–1954. M.A. thesis, Ohio University.
  • Wilson, W. H. 1989. The City Beautiful Movement. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Wolch, J., J. Wilson, and J. Fehrenbach. 2005. Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity‐Mapping Analysis. Urban Geography 26 (1): 4–35.
  • Zucker, K. 1995. Falls and Stream Valleys: Frederick Law Olmsted and the Parks of Baltimore. Maryland Historical Magazine 90 (1): 72–96.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.