Black Employment, Segregation, and the Social Organization of Metropolitan Labor Markets

References

• Abrahamson, M., and Sigelman, L. 1987. Occupational sex segregation in metropolitan areas. American Sociological Review 52:588–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, S. G. 1999. Mexican-origin women in southwestern labor markets. In Latinas and African American women at work: Race, gender, and economic inequality, ed. I. Browne, 244–69. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Beggs, J. J. 1995. The institutional environment: Implications for race and gender inequality in the U.S. labor market. American Sociological Review 60:612–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beggs, J. J., and Villemez, W. J. 2001. Regional labor markets. In Sourcebook of labor markets: Evolving structures and processes, ed. I. Berg and A. L. Kalleberg, 503–29. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Beggs, J. J.; Villemez, W. J.; and Arnold, R. 1997. Black population concentration and black-white inequality: Expanding the consideration of place and space effects. Social Forces 76:65–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blalock, H. M. 1956. Economic discrimination and Negro increase. American Sociological Review 21:584–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blalock, H. M. 1967. Toward a theory of minority-group relations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bobo, L. D.; Oliver, M. L.; Johnson, J. H., Jr.; and Valenzuela, A., Jr. 2000. Analyzing inequality in Los Angeles. In Prismatic metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles, ed. L. D. Bobo, M. L. Oliver, J. H. Johnson, Jr., and A. Valenzuela, Jr., 3–50. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Borjas, G. J.; Freeman, R. B.; and Katz, L. F. 1996. Searching for the effect of immigration on the labor market. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 86:246–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borjas, G. J.; Grogger, J.; and Hanson, G. H. 2006. Immigration and African-American employment opportunities: The response of wages, employment, and incarceration to labor supply shocks. NBER Working Paper No. 12518. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
   Google Scholar
• Bound, J., and Dresser, L. 1999. Losing ground: The erosion of the relative earnings of African American women during the 1980s. In Latinas and African American women at work: Race, gender, and economic inequality, ed. I. Browne, 61–104. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Bound, J., and Holzer, H. 1993. Industrial shifts, skill levels, and the labor market for white and black males. Review of Economics and Statistics 75:387–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burbridge, L. C. 1994. The reliance of African-American women on government and third-sector employment. American Economic Review 84:103–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, D., and Krueger, A. B. 1992. School quality and black-white relative earnings: A direct assessment. Quarterly Journal of Economics 107:151–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, D. M., and Glaeser, E. L. 1997. Are ghettos good or bad Quarterly Journal of Economics 112:827–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson, N. T. 2002. Is racial exclusion gendered? The role of residential segregation in the employment status of black women and men in the U.S. Feminist Economics 8:199–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, J. R. 1999. Social isolation and labor market insulation: Network and neighborhood effects on less-educated urban workers. Sociological Quarterly 40:199–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez, R. M., and Su, C. 2004. Space in the study of labor markets. Annual Review of Sociology 30:545–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossett, M., and Kiecolt, K. J. 1989. The relative size of minority populations and white racial attitudes. Social Science Quarterly 70(December):820–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. B. 1991. Crime and the employment of disadvantaged youths. NBER Working Paper No. 3875. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, W. H. 1995. The new geography of population shifts: Trends toward balkanization. In State of the Union: America in the 1990s, vol. 2, ed. R. Farley, 271–336. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Green, G. P.; Tigges, L. M.; and Browne, I. 1995. Social resources, job search, and poverty in Atlanta. Research in Community Sociology 5:161–82.
   Google Scholar
• Green, G. P.; Tigges, L. M.; and Diaz, D. 1999. Racial and ethnic differences in job search strategies in Atlanta, Boston, and Los Angeles. Social Science Quarterly 80(2):263–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamermesh, D. S., and Bean, F. D., eds. 1998. Help or hindrance The economic implications of immigration for African Americans. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Holzer, H. J. 1996. What employers want: Job prospects for less-educated workers. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Huffman, M. L., and Cohen, P. N. 2004. Racial wage inequality: Job segregation and devaluation across U.S. labor markets. American Journal of Sociology 109:902–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt, K. R., and Sjoquist, D. L. 1998. The spatial mismatch hypothesis: A review of recent studies and their implications for welfare reform. Housing Policy Debate 9:849–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihlanfeldt, K. R., and Young, M. V. 1996. The spatial distribution of black employment between the central city and the suburbs. Economic Inquiry 34:693–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Correa, M., ed. 2001. Governing American cities: Inter-ethnic coalitions, competition, and conflict. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Juhn, C.; Murphy, K. M.; and Pierce, B. 1993. Wage inequality and the rise in returns to skills. Journal of Political Economy 101:410–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarda, J. D. 1983. Entry-level jobs, mobility, and urban minority employment. Urban Affairs Quarterly 19:21–40.
   Google Scholar
• Kasinitz, P., and Rosenberg, J. 1996. Missing the connection: Social isolation and employment on the Brooklyn waterfront. Social Problems 43:180–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, P. 2003. A guide to econometrics (5th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschenman, J., and Neckerman, K. M. 1991. “We’d love to hire them, but …”: The meaning of race for employers. In The urban underclass, ed. C. Jencks and P. E. Peterson, 203–34. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Lichter, D. T. 1988. Racial differences in underemployment in American cities. American Journal of Sociology 93:771–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S.; Condran, G. A.; and Denton, N. A. 1987. The effect of residential segregation on black social and economic well-being. Social Forces 66:29–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S., and Denton, N. A. 1988. The dimensions of residential segregation. Social Forces 67:281–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S., and Denton, N. A. 1993. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S.; Gross, A. B.; and Eggers, M. L. 1991. Segregation, the concentration of poverty, and the life chances of individuals. Social Science Research 20:397–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. S., and Lundy, G. 2001. Use of black English and racial discrimination in urban housing markets. Urban Affairs Review 36:452–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, L. 2001. Complex inequality: Gender, class and race in the new economy. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McLafferty, S., and Preston, V. 1992. Spatial mismatch and labor market segmentation for African-American and Latina women. Economic Geography 68:406–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLafferty, S., and Preston, V. 1996. Spatial mismatch and employment in a decade of restructuring. Professional Geographer 48:420–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, K. 1999. No shame in my game: The working poor in the inner city. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Orfield, G. 1993. School desegregation after two generations: Race, schools, and opportunity in urban society. In Race in America: The struggle for equality, ed. H. Hill and J. E. Jones, Jr., 234–62. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Press, J. E. 2000. Spatial mismatch or more of a mishmash? Multiple jeopardy and the journey to work. In Prismatic metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles, ed. L. D. Bobo, M. L. Oliver, J. H. Johnson, Jr., and A. Valenzuela, Jr., 453–88. New York: Russell Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Quillian, L. 1996. Group threat and regional change in attitudes toward African-Americans. American Journal of Sociology 102:816–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman, S. 1996. The political economy of labor market discrimination: A classroom-friendly presentation of the theory. Review of Black Political Economy 24(Spring):47–64.
   Google Scholar
• South, S. J., and Xu, W. 1990. Local industrial dominance and earnings attainment. American Sociological Review 55:591–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll, M. A. 1999. Spatial mismatch, discrimination, and male youth employment in the Washington, DC area: Implications for residential mobility policies. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 18:77–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tigges, L. M., and Tootle, D. M. 1993. Underemployment and racial competition in local labor markets. Sociological Quarterly 34:279–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilly, C., and Tilly, C. 1998. Work under capitalism. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Timms, D. W. G. 1971. The urban mosaic: Towards a theory of residential differentiation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. J. 1987. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wyly, E. K. 1996. Race, gender, and spatial segmentation in the Twin Cities. Professional Geographer 48:431–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar