Why Create Value for Others? An Exploration of Social Entrepreneurial Motives

References

• Anderson, R. D., and G. Vastag (2004). “Causal Modeling Alternatives in Operations Research: Overview and Application,” European Journal of Operational Research 156(1), 92–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J. E., H. Stevenson, and J. Wei‐skillern (2006). “Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30(1), 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacq, S., and F. Janssen (2011). “The Multiple Faces of Social Entrepreneurship: A Review of Definitional Issues Based on Geographical and Thematic Criteria,” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 23(5–6), 373–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar‐tal, D. (1985). “Altruistic Motivation to Help: Definition, Utility and Operationalization,” Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 13(1 and 2), 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, D. P. (2007). “Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 16(3), 683–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A. (2008). “The Role of Affect in the Entrepreneurial Process,” Academy of Management Review 33(2), 328–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. A., K. M. Hmieleski, and R. A. Henry (2012). “Entrepreneurs' Dispositional Positive Affect: The Potential Benefits—and Potential Costs—of Being “Up”,” Journal of Business Venturing 27, 310–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (1990). “How Social an Animal? The Human Capacity for Caring,” American Psychologist 45(3), 336–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., and L. L. Shaw (1991). “Evidence for Altruism: Toward a Pluralism of Prosocial Motives,” Psychological Inquiry 2(2), 107–122.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., J. L. Dyck, J. R. Brandt, J. G. Batson, A. L. Powell, M. Rosalie mcmaster, and C. Griffitt (1988). “Five Studies Testing Two New Egoistic Alternatives to the Empathy‐Altruism Hypothesis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55(1), 52–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M. (2000). “Emotion and Motivation,” In Handbook of Psychophysiology. Eds. J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, and G. G. Berntson. New York: Cambridge University Press, 602–642.
   Google Scholar
• Bunderson, J. S., and J. A. Thompson (2009). “The Call of the Wild: Zookeepers, Callings, and the Double‐Edged Sword of Deeply Meaningful Work,” Administrative Science Quarterly 54, 32–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttner, E. H., and D. P. Moore (1997). “Women's Organizational Exodus to Entrepreneurship: Self‐Reported Motivations and Correlates with Success,” Journal of Small Business Management 35(1), 34–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardon, M. S., J. Wincent, J. Singh, and M. Drnovsek (2009). “The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion,” Academy of Management Review 34(3), 511–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardon, M. S., M.‐D. Foo, D. Shepherd, and J. Wiklund (2012). “Exploring the Heart: Entrepreneurial Emotion Is a Hot Topic,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 36(1), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carsrud, A., and M. Brännback (2011). “Entrepreneurial Motivations: What Do We Still Need to Know?,” Journal of Small Business Management 49(1), 9–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, S. (2011). “The Rewards of Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Incomes, Wealth, and Economic Well‐Being of Entrepreneurial Households,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35(1), 39–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassar, G. (2004). “The Financing of Business Start‐Ups,” Journal of Business Venturing 19(2), 261–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassar, G., and J. Craig (2009). “An Investigation of Hindsight Bias in Nascent Venture Activity,” Journal of Business Venturing 24(2), 149–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Certo, S. T., and T. Miller (2008). “Social Entrepreneurship: Key Issues and Concepts,” Business Horizons 51, 267–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, S. (1996). “The Case Study Method for Research in Small‐ and Medium‐Sized Firms,” International Small Business Journal 15(1), 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, D. Y., and F. Kiesner (2007). “Homeboy Industries: An Incubator of Hope and Businesses,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 31, 769–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B. (1991). “Altruism or Egoism? That Is (Still) the Question,” Psychological Inquiry 2(2), 124.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., M. Schaller, D. Houlihan, K. Arps, and J. Fultz (1987). “Empathy‐Based Helping: Is It Selflessly or Selfishly Motivated?,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52(4), 749–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., S. L. Brown, B. P. Lewis, C. Luce, and S. L. Neuberg (1997). “Reinterpreting the Empathy‐Altruism Relationship: When One into One Equals Oneness,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73(3), 481–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, C. J., P. J. Hanges, and E. A. Locke (2004). “The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta‐Analysis,” Human Performance 17(1), 95–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., and A. Strauss (1990). “Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons and Evaluative Criteria,” Qualitative Sociology 13(1), 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, P. D., and M. Ho (2010). “How Opportunities Develop in Social Entrepreneurship,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(4), 635–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromie, S., and S. Birley (1992). “Networking by Female Business Owners in Northern Ireland,” Journal of Business Venturing 7(3), 237–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, K. L., J. Panksepp, and L. Normansell (2003). “The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales: Normative Data and Implications,” Neuropsychoanalysis 5(1), 57–69.
   Google Scholar
• Dawes, R. M., A. J. C. Van De Kragt, and J. M. Orbell (1988). “Not Me or Thee but We: The Importance of Group Identity in Eliciting Cooperation in Dilemma Situations: Experimental Manipulations,” Acta Psychologica 68, 83–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan (1985). “The General Causality Orientations Scale: Self‐Determination in Personality,” Journal of Research in Personality 19(2), 109–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan (2002). “Handbook of Self‐Determination Research.” Rochester, NY: The Univeristy of Rochester Press, 470.
   Google Scholar
• Dees, J. G. (1998a). “Enterprising Nonprofits,” Harvard Business Review 76(1), 54–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dees, J. G. (1998b). “The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship.” http://www.caseatduke.org/documents/dees_sedef.pdf (accessed August 7, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Delgado‐garcía, J. B., A. I. Rodríguez‐escudero, and N. Martín‐cruz (2012). “Influence of Affective Traits on Entrepreneur's Goals and Satisfaction,” Journal of Small Business Management 50(3), 408–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmar, F., and J. Wiklund (2008). “The Effect of Small Business Managers' Growth Motivation on Firm Growth: A Longitudinal Study,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 32(3), 437–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Domenico, M., H. Haugh, and P. Tracey (2010). “Social Bricolage: Theorizing Social Value Creation in Social Enterprises,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(4), 681–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, G. P. M., I. Heras, and M. Casadesus (2008). “Shedding Light on Causation between ISO 9001 and Improved Business Performance,” International Journal of Operations and Production Management 28(7), 687–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doern, R., and D. Goss (2013). “The Role of Negative Emotions in the Social Processes of Entrepreneurship: Power Rituals and Shame‐Related Appeasement Behaviors,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 38(4), 863–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer, L. M., and C. A. Ross (2000). “Ethnic Enterprises and Their Clientele,” Journal of Small Business Management 38(2), 48–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., and P. A. Miller (1987). “The Relation of Empathy to Prosocial and Related Behaviors,” Psychological Bulletin 101(1), 91–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. M., and M. E. Graebner (2007). “Theory Building from Cases: Opportunities and Challenges,” Academy of Management Journal 50(1), 25–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1982). The Life Cycle Completed. New York: Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes, D. L. (2011). “Toward a Unified Model of Human Motivation,” Review of General Psychology 15(2), 85–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, D., and E. Cummings (2003). “Indigenous Small Enterprise in Northern Australia: A Case Study of the Warai,” Journal of Small Business Management 41(1), 108–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funk, L. M. (2012). “‘Returning the Love', Not 'Balancing the Books': Talk About Delayed Reciprocity in Supporting Ageing Parents,” Ageing & Society 32, 634–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardet, E., and S. Fraiha (2012). “Coordination Modes Established by the Hub Firm of an Innovation Network: The Case of an SME Bearer,” Journal of Small Business Management 50(2), 216–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gimeno, J., T. B. Folta, A. C. Cooper, and C. Y. Woo (1997). “Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly 42(4), 750–783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M. (2007). “Relational Job Design and the Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference,” Academy of Management Review 32(2), 393–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M. (2008). “Does Intrinsic Motivation Fuel the Prosocial Fire? Motivational Synergy in Predicting Persistence, Performance, and Productivity,” Journal of Applied Psychology 93(1), 48–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M., and J. W. Berry (2011). “The Necessity of Others Is the Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal 54(1), 73–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griskevicius, V., S. M. Cant, and M. Van vugt (2012). “The Evolutionary Bases for Sustainable Behavior: Implications for Marketing, Policy, and Social Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31(1), 115–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G., A. Bunce, and L. Johnson (2006). “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability,” Field Methods 18, 59–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, V. C., M. Frese, C. Binnewies, and A. Schmitt (2012). “Happy and Proactive? The Role of Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well‐Being in Business Owners' Personal Initiative,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 36(1), 97–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, S. G., and L. E. Staveland (1988). “Development of NASA TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research,” in Human Mental Workload. Eds. P. A. Hancock, and N. Meshkati. Amsterdam: North‐Holland, 139–183.
   Google Scholar
• Haugh, H. (2005). “A Research Agenda for Social Entrepreneurship,” Social Enterprise Journal 1(1), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Haugh, H. (2006). “Social Enterprise: Beyond Economic Outcomes and Individual Returns,” in Social Entrepreneurship. Eds. J. Mair, J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 180–205.
   Google Scholar
• Herzberg, F. (1965). “The New Industrial Psychology,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 18(3), 364–376.
   Google Scholar
• Jack, S. L. (2010). “Approaches to Studying Networks: Implications and Outcomes,” Journal of Business Venturing 25(1), 120–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, A. S., J. Wiklund, and E. Brundin (2014). “Individual Responses to Firm Failure: Appraisals, Grief, and the Influence of Prior Failure Experience,” Journal of Business Venturing 29(1), 17–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant, I. (1788). Critique of Practical Reason. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karra, N., P. Tracey, and N. Phillips (2006). “Altruism and Agency in the Family Firm: Exploring the Role of Family, Kinship, and Ethnicity,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 30, 861–877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasser, T., and R. M. Ryan (1993). “A Dark Side of the American Dream: Correlates of Financial Success as a Central Life Aspiration,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(2), 410–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korsgaard, M. A., B. M. Meglino, S. W. Lester, and S. S. Jeong (2010). “Paying You Back or Paying Me Forward: Understanding Rewarded and Unrewarded Organizational Citizenship Behavior,” Journal of Applied Psychology 95(2), 277–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, N. F., M. D. Reilly, and A. L. Carsrud (2000). “Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions,” Journal of Business Venturing 15(5–6), 411–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuratko, D. F., J. S. Hornsby, and D. W. Naffziger (1997). “An Examination of Owner's Goals in Sustaining Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Small Business Management 35(1), 24–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahto, R. V., P. S. Davis, J. A. I. I. Pearce, and R. B. Robinson Jr. (2010). “Satisfaction with Firm Performance in Family Businesses,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(5), 985–1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., and I. Martí (2006). “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight,” Journal of World Business 41(1), 36–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., and E. Noboa (2006). “Social Entrepreneurship: How Intentions to Create a Social Venture Are Formed,” in Social Entrepreneurship. Eds. J. Mair, J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 121–135.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, R. L., and S. Osberg (2007). “Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition,” Stanford Social Innovation Review Spring 2007, 27–39.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review 50(4), 370–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Max‐neef, M. A. (1991). Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections. New York, NY: The Apex Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mcadams, D. P. (1980). “A Thematic Coding System for the Intimacy Motive,” Journal of Research in Personality 14, 413–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcclelland, D. C. (1953). The Achievement Motive. New York: Appleton.
   Google Scholar
• Mcclelland, D. C. (1965). “N Achievement and Entrepreneurship: A Longitudinal Study,” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 1(4), 389–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcclelland, D. C. (1985). Human Motivation. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Mccrae, R. R., Jr, P. T. Costa, and T. A. Martin (2005). “The NEO–PI–3: A More Readable Revised NEO Personality Inventory,” Journal of Personality Assessment 84(3), 261–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdougall, W. (1918). An Introduction to Social Psychology. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Mcgovern, P. (2006). “Learning Networks as an Aid to Developing Strategic Capability among Small and Medium‐Sized Enterprises: A Case Study from the Irish Polymer Industry,” Journal of Small Business Management 44, 302–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., and A. M. Huberman (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, T. L., M. G. Grimes, J. S. Mcmullen, and T. J. Vogus (2012). “Venturing for Others with Heart and Head: How Compassion Encourages Social Entrepreneurship,” Academy of Management Review 37(4), 616–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, T. L., and C. L. Wesley II (2010). “Assessing Mission and Resources for Social Change: An Organizational Identity Perspective on Social Venture Capitalists' Decision Criteria,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(4), 705–733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mithas, S., and M. S. Krishnan (2009). “From Association to Causation Via a Potential Outcomes Approach,” Information Systems Research 20(2), 295–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. H., D. F. Kuratko, M. Schindehutte, and A. J. Spivack (2012). “Framing the Entrepreneurial Experience,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 36(1), 11–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mort, G. S., J. Weerawardena, and K. Carnegie (2003). “Social Entrepreneurship: Towards Conceptualisation,” International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing 8, 76.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A. (2006). “Introduction: The Meanings of Social Entrepreneurship,” in Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change. Ed. A. Nicholls. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A. (2010). “The Legitimacy of Social Entrepreneurship: Reflexive Isomorphism in a Pre‐Paradigmatic Field,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 34(4), 611–633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niehm, L. S., J. Swinney, and N. J. Miller (2008). “Community Social Responsibility and Its Consequences for Family Business Performance,” Journal of Small Business Management 46(3), 331–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (1999). “Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis,” Health Services Research 34(5), 1189–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patzelt, H., and D. A. Shepherd (2011). “Recognizing Opportunities for Sustainable Development,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 35(4), 631–652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peredo, A. M., and M. Mclean (2006). “Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the Concept,” Journal of World Business 41(1), 56–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, L. H., and E. J. O'connor (1980). “Situational Constraints and Work Outcomes: The Influences of a Frequently Overlooked Construct,” Academy of Management Review 5(3), 391–398.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. F. (1995). “Leading Cuban‐American Entrepreneurs: The Process of Developing Motives, Abilities, and Resources,” Human Relations 48(10), 1193–1215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piliavin, J. A., and H.‐W. Charng (1990). “Altruism: A Review of Recent Theory and Research,” Annual Review of Sociology 16(1), 27–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzebon, J. A., B. A. Visser, M. C. Ashton, K. Lee, and L. R. Goldberg (2010). “Psychometric Characteristics of a Public‐Domain Self‐Report Measure of Vocational Interests: The Oregon Vocational Interest Scales,” Journal of Personality Assessment 92(2), 168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhu, G. N. (1999). “Social Entrepreneurial Leadership,” Career Development International 4(3), 140–145.
   Google Scholar
• Reiss, S. (2004). “Multifaceted Nature of Intrinsic Motivation: The Theory of 16 Basic Desires,” Review of General Psychology 8(3), 179–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renko, M. (2013). “Early Challenges of Nascent Social Entrepreneurs,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37(5), 1045–1069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruskin, J., and C. M. Webster (2011). “Creating Value for Others: An Exploration of Social Entrepreneurs' Motives,” in 25th Annual Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference. Wellington, NZ.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci (2001). “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well‐Being,” Annual Review of Psychology 52(1), 141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, M.‐G., L. F. Barrett, J. M. Bartunek (2004). “The Role of Affective Experience in Work Motivation,” Academy of Management Review 29(3), 423–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, R. G. (2012). “Understanding the Social in Social Entrepreneurship,” in Handbook of Research Methods on Social Entrepreneurship. Ed. R. G. Seymour. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar, 3–25.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S., E. A. Locke, and C. J. Collins (2003). “Entrepreneurial Motivation,” Human Resource Management Review 13(2), 257–279.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, E., and S. Carter (2007). “Social Entrepreneurship: Theoretical Antecedents and Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Processes and Outcomes,” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 14(3), 418–434.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M. (2002). “The Self‐Concordance Model of Healthy Goal Striving: When Personal Goals Correctly Represent the Person,” in Handbook of Self‐Determination Research. Eds. E. L. Deci, and R. M. Ryan. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 65–86.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., R. M. Ryan, E. L. Deci, and T. Kasser (2004). “The Independent Effects of Goal Contents and Motives on Well‐Being: It's Both What You Pursue and Why You Pursue It,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30(4), 475–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, D. A., J. Wiklund, and J. M. Haynie (2009). “Moving Forward: Balancing the Financial and Emotional Costs of Business Failure,” Journal of Business Venturing 24(2), 134–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiggle, S. (1994). “Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data in Consumer Research,” Journal of Consumer Research 21, 491–503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stake, R. E. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Stake, R. E. (2006). Multiple Case Study Analysis. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, W. H., and P. L. Roth (2007). “A Meta‐Analysis of Achievement Motivation Differences between Entrepreneurs and Managers,” Journal of Small Business Management 45(4), 401–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, R. I., and A. Rafaeli (1988). “Untangling the Relationships between Displayed Emotions and Organizational Sales: The Case of Convenience Stores,” Academy of Management Journal 31(3), 461–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thake, S., and S. Zadek (1997). “Practical People, Noble Causes: How to Support Community‐Based Social Entrepreneurs.” London: New Economics Foundation, 71.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J., G. Alvy, and A. Lees (2000). “Social Entrepreneurship—A New Look at the People and the Potential,” Management Decision 38(5), 328–338.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend, D. M., and T. A. Hart (2008). “Perceived Institutional Ambiguity and the Choice of Organizational Form in Social Entrepreneurial Ventures,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 32, 685–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, P., and O. Jarvis (2007). “Toward a Theory of Social Venture Franchising,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 667–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R. (2000). “Social Justice: Outcome and Procedure,” International Journal of Psychology 35(2), 117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ucbasaran, D., P. Westhead, and M. Wright (2001). “The Focus of Entrepreneurial Research: Contextual and Process Issues,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 25(4), 57.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J., C. Blanchard, G. A. Mageau, R. Koestner, C. Ratelle, M. Leonard, M. Gagne, and J. Marsolais (2003). “Les Passions De L'ame: On Obsessive and Harmonious Passion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85(4), 756–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Ven, A. H., H. J. Sapienza, and J. Villanueva (2007). “Entrepreneurial Pursuits of Self‐ and Collective Interests,” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 1(3–4), 353–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman, N. (2008). “The Founder's Dilemma,” Harvard Business Review 86(2), 102–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welpe, I. M., M. Spörrle, D. Grichnik, T. Michl, and D. B. Audretsch (2012). “Emotions and Opportunities: The Interplay of Opportunity Evaluation, Fear, Joy, and Anger as Antecedent of Entrepreneurial Exploitation,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 36(1), 69–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, R. W. (1959). “Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence,” Psychological Review 66(5), 297–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, D. G. (1992). “Power Motivation Revisited,” In Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. Eds. C. P. Smith. New York: Cambridge University, 301–310.
   Google Scholar
• Yamagishi, T., and K. S. Cook (1993). “Generalized Exchange and Social Dilemmas,” Social Psychology Quarterly 56(4), 235–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Zahra, S. A., E. Gedajlovic, D. O. Neubaum, and J. M. Shulman (2009). “A Typology of Social Entrepreneurs: Motives, Search Processes and Ethical Challenges,” Journal of Business Venturing 24(5), 519–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zellweger, T. M., R. S. Nason, M. Nordqvist, and C. G. Brush (2013). “Why Do Family Firms Strive for Nonfinancial Goals? An Organizational Identity Perspective,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37(2), 229–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., V. Souitaris, P.‐H. Soh, and P.‐K. Wong (2008). “A Contingent Model of Network Utilization in Early Financing of Technology Ventures,” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice 32(4), 593–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, H. (2013). “Turning Small Business Interns into Applicants: The Mediating Role of Perceived Justice,” Journal of Business Venturing 28(3), 443–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar