References
- Alder, S., Lagakos, D., & Ohanian, L. (2014). The decline of the US rust belt: A macroeconomic analysis. Working Paper Series: Center for Quantitative Economic Research.
- Bae, S., Moon, S., & Jung, C. (2012). Economic effects of state-level tax and expenditure limitations. Public Admin- istration Review, 72, 649–658.
- Bates, T. (2006). The urban development potential of black owned businesses. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72, 227–237.
- Carlino, G. (2014). New ideas in the air: Cities and economic growth. Business Review, Quarter 4. Philadelphia, PA: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
- Cassell, J. A., & Nelson, T. (2013). Exposing the effects of the “invisible hand” of the neoliberal agenda on institu- tionalized education and the process of sociocultural reproduction. Interchange, 43, 245–264.
- Checchi, D. (2006). The economics of education: Human capital, family background and inequality. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Cherry, R. (2001). Who gets the good jobs? Combating race and gender disparities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Clark, K. B. (1965). Dark ghetto. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
- Cohen, P. N., & Huffman, M. L. (2007). Black underrepresentation in management across U.S. labor markets. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 609, 181–199.
- Cortese, A. (2007). To leave no child behind, provide the most to those who get the least. Social Policy, 37(3/4), 49–54.
- Darity Jr, W. A., & Myers Jr, S. L. (2000). Racial economic inequality in the USA. In J. Blau (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Sociology (pp. 178–196). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishers.
- Franklin, V. P. (2002). Introduction: Cultural capital and African American education. Journal of African American History, 87, 175–181.
- Friedman, G. (2000). The political economy of early Southern unionism: Race, politics, and labor in the South, 1880–1953. Journal of Economic History, 60, 384–413.
- Gillborn, D. (2008). Racism and education: Coincidence or conspiracy? Understanding race inequality in education. London, UK: Routledge.
- Grissmer, D., Flanagan, A., & Williamson, S. (1997). Does money matter for minority and disadvantaged students? Assessing the new empirical evidence. Santa Monica. CA: Rand Corporation.
- Hannon, L., Sawyer, P., & Allman, R. M. (2012). Housing, the neighborhood environment, and physical activity among older African Americans. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 5(3), 27–40.
- Hoffman, A. V. (2000). A study in contradictions: The origins and legacy of the Housing Act of 1949. Housing Policy Debate, 11, 299–326.
- Johnson, M. (2010). Will the current economic crisis fuel a return to racial policies that deny homeownership opportunities and wealth? The Modern American, 6(1), 25–46.
- Keller, K. R. I. (2006). Investment in primary, secondary, and higher education and the effects on economic growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(1), 18–34.
- Leonard, J. S. (1985). The effects of unions on the employment of blacks, Hispanics, and women. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 39(1), 115–132.
- Letwin, D. (1998). The challenge of interracial unionism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Livingstone, D. W. (1998). The education–jobs gap: Underemployment or economic democracy. Boulder, CO: West-view.
- Loury, G. C. (2005). Race, inequality and justice in the USA: Some social-philosophic reflections. In G. C. Loury, T. Modood, and S. M. Teles (Eds.), Ethnicity, social mobility, and public policy: Comparing the USA and UK (pp. 573–601). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Massey, D. S. (1990). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 329–357.
- McCall, L. (2001). Sources of racial wage inequality in metropolitan labor markets: Racial, ethnic, and gender differences. American Sociological Review, 66, 520–541.
- Moon, S., Stanley, R. E., & Shin, J. (2005). Expenditures for education: Assessing the national evidence. Review of Policy Research, 22, 205–220.
- Norman, J. R. (2013). Small cities USA: Growth, diversity and inequality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Pencavel, J. (2009). How successful have trade unions been? A utility-based indicator of union well-being. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 62(2), 147–156.
- Radford, G. (1996). Modern housing for America: Policy struggles in the new era. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Shapiro, T. (2004). The hidden cost of being African-American born: How wealth perpetuates inequality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Shapiro, T., Meschede, T., & Osoro, S. (2013). The roots of the widening racial wealth gap: Explaining the black–white economic divide. Waltham, MA: Institute on Assets and Social Policy, Brandeis University.
- Sitkoff, H. (1978). A new deal for blacks: The emergence of civil rights as a national issue: Volume 1. The Depression decade. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Stevans, L. K. (2009). The relationship among African American male earnings, employment, incarceration and immigration in the United States: A time series approach. Review of Black Political Economics, 36,151–160.
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2015a). Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2013 inflation-adjusted dollars). 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from http://factfinder. census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml.
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2015b). Sex by educational attainment for the population 25 years and over (black or African American Alone) universe: 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
- U.S. Department of Education. (2015). National public education financial survey (state fiscal), 2000–01 to 2010–11, public elementary/secondary school universe survey, 2000–01 to 2010–11, state nonfiscal public elemen- tary/secondary education survey, 2012–13. National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/elsi/tableGenerator.aspx
- Wilson, B. (2000). America’s Johannesburg: Industrialization and racial transformation in Birmingham. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Wilson, G., & McBrier, D. B. (2005). Race and loss of privilege: African American/white differences in the determinants of job layoffs from upper-tier occupations. Sociological Forum, 20, 301–321.
- Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York, NY: Knopf.
- Woodward, C. V. (2001). The strange career of Jim Crow. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.