471
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Neoliberal Globalization and Heightened Perceptions of Class Division in Iceland

Pages 462-490 | Published online: 16 Nov 2016

REFERENCES

  • Akureyri Art Museum. 2008. “Bye, Bye, Iceland: Closing the Book on an Old Concept,” Press Release. Akureyri, Iceland: Akureyri Art Museum.
  • Altheide, David L. 1987. “Ethnographic Content Analysis.” Qualitative Sociology 10(1):65–77.
  • Altheide, David L. 1996. Qualitative Media Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Alþingi Special Investigation Commission. 2010. Report of the Alþingi Special Investigation Commission into the Fall of the Icelandic Banks. Reykjavík, Iceland: Alþingi.
  • Andersen, Robert and Josh Curtis. 2012. “The Polarizing Effect of Economic Inequality on Class Identification: Evidence from 44 Countries.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 30(1):129–41.
  • Bjarnason, Dóra S. 1974. “A Study of the Intergenerational Difference in the Perception of Stratification in Urban Iceland.” MA thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Keele, Keele, UK.
  • Björnsson, Sigurjón, Wolfgang Edelstein, and Kurt Kreppner. 1977. Explorations in Social Inequality: Stratification Dynamics in Social and Individual Development in Iceland. Berlin, Germany: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. “What Makes a Social Class? On the Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 32:1–18.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1988. “Flaubert's Point of View.” Critical Inquiry 14(3):539–62.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. On Television. New York: The New York Free Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 2005. “The Political Field, the Social Science Field, and the Journalistic Field.” Pp. 29–47 in Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, edited by Rodney D. Benson and E. Neveu. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre and Loïc J. D. Wacquant. 1992. Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Brimeyer, Ted M., JoAnn Miller, and Robert Perrucci. 2006. “Social Class Sentiments in Formation: Influence of Class Socialization, College Socialization, and Class Aspirations.” The Sociological Quarterly 47(3):471–95.
  • Broddasson, Þorbjörn. 1994. “The Sacred Side of Professional Journalism.” European Journal of Communication 9(3):227–48.
  • Broddasson, Þorbjörn. 2004 “The Fourth Estate: Media, Influence, and Responsibility.” Paper presented at the Icelandic Association of Historians’ Lecture Series on Power, The Nordic House, November 16, Reykjavík, Iceland.
  • Broddason, Þorbjörn and Keith Webb. 1975. “On the Myth of Social Equality in Iceland.” Acta Sociologica 18(1):49–61.
  • Brooks, Clem and Jeff Manza. 2006. “Why Do Welfare States Persist?” Journal of Politics 68(4):816–27.
  • Calhoun, Craig. 1993. “Habitus, Field, and Capital: The Question of Historical Specificity.” Pp. 61–88 in Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives, edited by Craig Calhoun, Edward LiPuma, and Moishe Postone. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cannon, Lynn W. 1980. “Normative Embourgeoisement among Manual Workers: A Reexamination Using Longitudinal Data.” The Sociological Quarterly 21(2):185–95.
  • Centers, Richard. 1949. The Psychology of the Social Classes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Coleman, Richard P. and Lee Rainwater, with Kent A. McClelland. 1978. Social Standing in America: New Dimensions of Class. New York: Basic Books.
  • Curtis, Josh. 2013. “Middle Class Identity in the Modern World: How Politics and Economics Matter.” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 50(2):203–26.
  • Directorate of Labor. 2009. “Unemployment 9.1% in April.” Retrieved November 10, 2014 (https://www.vinnumalastofnun.is/um-okkur/frettir/2009/05/atvinnuleysi-91percent-i-april).
  • Durkheim, Emile. 1951. Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Translated by John A. Spalding and George Simpson. New York: Free Press.
  • Durrenberger, E. Paul. 1996. “Every Icelander a Special Case.” Pp. 171–90 in Images of Contemporary Iceland: Everyday Lives and Global Contexts, edited by Gísli Pálsson and E. Paul Durrenberger. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
  • Elias, Norbert. 2001. The Society of Individuals. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
  • Evans, Geoffrey, ed. 1999. End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Perspective. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Evans, M. D. R. and Jonathan Kelley. 2004. “Subjective Social Location: Data from 21 Nations.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 16(1):3–38.
  • Evans, M. D. R., Jonathan Kelley, and Tamas Kolosi. 1992. “Images of Class: Public Perceptions in Hungary and Australia.” American Sociological Review 57(4):461–82.
  • Flyvbjerg, Bent. 2006. “Five Misunderstandings about Case-Study Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 12(2):219–45.
  • Gallup. 1999–2005. Media Studies. Reykjavík, Iceland: IMG Gallup.
  • Gísladóttir, Ingibjörg S. 2006. “The Importance of Nordic Countries in the Time of Globalization.” MorgunblaÐiÐ November 3, p. 37.
  • Gísladóttir, Ingibjörg S. 2009. “The Leadership Iceland Needs.” The Opening Speech of the Social Democratic Alliance National Meeting, March 27, Reykjavík, Iceland.
  • Gissurarson, Hannes H. 2004, January 29. “Miracle on Iceland.” Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 7, 2014 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107533182153814498).
  • Glaser, Barney G. and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
  • Gorski, Philip S., ed. 2013. Bourdieu and Historical Analysis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Gunnlaugsson, Sigmundur D. 2013. “Prime Minster's Independence Day Address.” June 17, Reykjavík, Iceland. Retrieved January 4, 2015 (http://www.forsaetisraduneyti.is/radherra/raedur-greinar-sdg/nr/7625).
  • Hannibalsson, Jón B. 2008. “A Disappointed Nation Searching for Itself.” MorgunblaÐiÐ November 29, p. 31.
  • Helgason, Egill. 2010. “Discouraging Reactions from Politicians.” Eyjan Media Ltd. Silfur Egils. Retrieved July 12, 2014 (http://eyjan.pressan.is/silfuregils/2010/04/12/litt-upporvandi-vidbrogd-stjornmalamanna/).
  • Hout, Michael. 2008. “How Class Works: Objective and Subjective Aspects of Class since the 1970s.” Pp. 25–64 in Social Class: How Does It Work?, edited by Annette Lareau and Dalton Conley. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Hreinsson, Einar. 2005. “Noblesse de Robe in a Classless Society: The Making of an Icelandic Elite in the Age of Absolutism.” Scandinavian Journal of History 30(3):225–37.
  • Jackman, Mary R. and Robert W. Jackman. 1983. Class Awareness in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Jacobs, Lawrence R. and Theda Skocpol, eds. 2007. Inequality and American Democracy: What We Know and What We Need to Learn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Johnsen, GuÐrún. 2014. Bringing Down the Banking System: Lessons from Iceland. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Johnston, William A. and Douglas Baer. 1993. “Class Consciousness and National Contexts: Canada, Sweden and the United States in Historical Perspective.” Canadian Review of Sociology 30(2):271–95.
  • Jónsson, Ásgeir, Ásta H. Hall, Gylfi Zoëga, Marta Skúladóttir, and Tryggvi Þ. Herbertsson. 2001. Income Distribution in Iceland: Development and Deciding Factors. Reykjavík, Iceland: Institute of Economic Studies.
  • Jónsson, Ívar. 2008. “The Transnational Capitalist Class and the Mini-Keiretzu System in Iceland.” Pp. 145–59 in The Political Economy of Northern Regional Development Yearbook 2008, edited by Gorm Winther. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers.
  • Karner, Christian. 2005. “National Doxa, Crises and Ideological Contestation in Contemporary Austria.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1(1/2):221–63.
  • Kelley, Jonathan and M. D. R. Evans. 1995. “Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations.” American Sociological Review 60(2):157–78.
  • Kingston, Paul. 2000. The Classless Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Kristjánsson, Arnaldur S. and Stefán Ólafsson. 2009. “The World of the High-Income Groups: The Development of Income Distribution in Iceland 1993–2007.” Stjórnmál og Stjórnsýsla 5(1):93–121.
  • Kristjánsson, GuÐjón A. 2005. “No Longer a Classless Society.” MorgunblaÐiÐ December 31, p. 35.
  • Lamont, Michele. 1992. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and the American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Lindsey, Linda. 2014. “Sharp Right Turn: Globalization and Gender Equality.” The Sociological Quarterly 55(1):1–22.
  • Lipset, Seymour M. 1973. The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective. New York: Norton.
  • Magnússon, GuÐmundur. 2008. New Iceland: The Art of Losing Oneself. Reykjavík, Iceland: JPV-útgáfa.
  • Manza, Jeff and Clem Brooks. 2008. “Classes and Politics.” Pp. 201–31 in Social Class: How Does it Work?, edited by Annette Lareau and Dalton Conley. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Marsh, Robert M. 2003. “How Important Is Social Class Identification in Taiwan?” The Sociological Quarterly 44(1):37–59.
  • McCall, Leslie. 2013. The Undeserving Rich: American Beliefs about Inequality, Opportunity, and Redistribution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • McCall, Leslie. 2014. “The Political Meanings of Social Class Inequality.” Social Currents (1):25–34.
  • McCarthy, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 1994. “An Open Letter to Ólafur G. Einarsson, Minister of Education.” June 8, p. 33.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 1997. “Resource Rent Ensures Just Distribution of Dividends.” November 7, p. 10.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 2000. “Disputing Whether Prosperity has Reached Everyone.” 2000. February 18, p. 10.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 2006a. “More of Excessive Pay to the State.” August 5, p. 28.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 2006b. “The Pension Funds are Strong Weapons against Excessive Pay Policy.” August 8, p. 6.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 2007. “Overheating is Not Dangerous.” November 17, p. 14.
  • MorgunblaÐiÐ. 2010. “A More Ethical Approach is Imperative.” April 13, p. 1.
  • Oddsson, GuÐmundur. 2010. “Class Awareness in Iceland.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 30(5/6):292–312.
  • Oddsson, GuÐmundur. 2012. “Representations of Classlessness in a Small, Homogeneous, and Egalitarian Society.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 56(1):101–29.
  • Oddsson, GuÐmundur. 2013. “A Flatter Frame of Reference: Images of Class Following the Icelandic Economic Collapse.” Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems Annual Meeting, August 10, New York, NY.
  • OECD. 2015. OECD Forum 2015: Income Inequality in Figures. Retrieved May 6, 2015 (http://www.oecd.org/forum/issues/OECD-Forum-2015-Income-Inequality-in-Figures.htm).
  • Ólafsson, Stefán. 1984. “Modernization and Social Stratification in Iceland.” PhD dissertation, Department of Sociology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán. 1996. Attitude and Economic Growth: Culture, Society, and Progress in Western Countries. Reykjavík, Iceland: Social Science Research Institute, University of Iceland.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán. 1999. The Icelandic Way: Social Security and Well-Being in Cross-National Comparison. Reykjavík, Iceland: Social Insurance Administration and University of Iceland Press.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán. 2011. “Icelandic Capitalism: From Statism to Neoliberalism and Financial Collapse.” Pp. 1–51 in Comparative Social Research, No. 20. Special Edition on Nordic Varieties of Capitalism. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán. 2014. “The Crisis and the Outcome of the Restoration.” Íslenska ÞjóÐfélagiÐ 5(2):95–116.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán and Arnaldur S. Kristjánsson. 2012. “Income Distribution Trends in Iceland.” Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 8(1):39–71.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán and Arnaldur S. Kristjánsson. 2013. “Income Inequality in Boom and Bust: A Tale from Iceland's Bubble Economy.” Pp. 416–38 in Income Inequality: Economic Disparities and the Middle Class in Affluent Countries, edited by Janet Gornick and Markus Jäntti. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Ólafsson, Stefán and Arnaldur S. Kristjánsson. 2014. “Top Incomes in Iceland 1992-2012.” Paper presented at “Inequality—Challenge of Our Time?” EDDA-CoE and Department of Social and Human Sciences Symposium, University of Iceland, May 2, Reykjavík, Iceland.
  • Olrich, Tómas I. 2011. “A Pan-European Cultural Heritage.” MorgunblaÐiÐ August 17, p. 17.
  • Page, Benjamin I. and Lawrence R. Jacobs. 2009. Class War? What Americans Really Think about Economic Inequality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Pakulski, Jan and Malcolm Waters. 1996. The Death of Class. London, UK: Sage.
  • Parliamentary Records. 1989. Þórhildur Þorleifsdóttir on the Status of Bargaining Debates, meeting 90. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/altext/111/r3/3041.html).
  • Parliamentary Records. 1991. SigríÐur Anna ÞórÐardóttir on Equalizing Voting Rights, case 55. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/altext/115/11/r21121000.sgml).
  • Parliamentary Records. 1992. Jóhanna SigurÐardóttir—General Political Discussions, meeting 178. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/altext/115/05/r11214533.sgml).
  • Parliamentary Records. 1993. Kristinn H. Gunnarsson on Taxing Fishing Quotas, meeting 90. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/altext/117/11/r25180151.sgml).
  • Parliamentary Records. 1994a. A Bill Regarding Private Licence Plates for Vehicles, parliamentary document 566, case 345. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/altext/118/s/0566.html).
  • Parliamentary Records. 1994b. ValgerÐur Sverrisdóttir on Reviewing Chapter VII of the Icelandic Constitution, case 628. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/altext/117/06/r16102333.sgml).
  • Parliamentary Records. 2006. Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir on the Prime Minister's Policy Address, meeting 2. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/raeda/133/rad20061003T201401.html).
  • Parliamentary Records. 2010a. SigurÐur Ingi Jóhannsson on the Investigation into the Causes of the Banking Collapse and Related Events, Report of a Committe under Act No. 142/2008, meeting 106. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/raeda/138/rad20100415T150740.html).
  • Parliamentary Records. 2010b. Lilja Rafney Magnúsdóttir on the Report of a Parliamentary Committee on the Alþingi Special Investigation Commission Report, meeting 159. Retrieved October 12, 2013 (http://www.althingi.is/raeda/138/rad20100913T163438.html).
  • Philliber, William W. and Dana V. Hiller. 1978. “The Implication of Wife's Occupational Attainment for Husband's Class Identification.” The Sociological Quarterly 19(3):450–8.
  • Rothman, Robert A. 2009. Social Inequality and Stratification: Race, Class, and Gender. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Scott, John and Gordon Marshall, eds. 2005. Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Sewell, William H. 1980. Work and Revolution in France: The Language of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • SkarphéÐinsson, Össur. 2003. “When the Dream Comes True!” MorgunblaÐiÐ May 7, p. 32.
  • Sklair, Leslie. 2000. The Transnational Capitalist Class. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Social Science Research Institute. 1991–1998. Media Studies. Reykjavík, Iceland: Social Science Research Institute.
  • Statistics Iceland. 2009. Immigrants and Persons with Foreign Background 1996-2008. Reykjavík, Iceland: Statistics Iceland.
  • Stuber, Jenny M. 2006. “Talk of Class: The Discursive Repertoires of White Working- and Upper-Middle-Class College Students.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35(3):285–318.
  • Svallfors, Stefan. 2007. The Political Sociology of the Welfare State: Institutions, Social Cleavages, and Orientations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Swartz, David. 2013. Symbolic Power, Politics, and Intellectuals: The Political Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51(2):273–86.
  • Thompson, Edward P. 1968. The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
  • Tomasson, Richard F. 1980. Iceland: The First New Nation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Vanneman, Reeve D. and Lynn W. Cannon. 1987. The American Perception of Class. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Wade, Robert. 2009. “The Crisis: Iceland as Icarus.” Challenge 52(3):5–33.
  • Weeden, Kim A. and David B. Grusky. 2012. “The Three Worlds of Inequality.” American Journal of Sociology 117(6):1723–85.
  • Wright, Erik O. 1997. Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.