Dormant Wnt-Initiated Mammary Cancer Can Participate in Reconstituting Functional Mammary Glands

REFERENCES

• Al-Hajj, M., M. S. Wicha, A. Benito-Hernandez, S. J. Morrison, and M. F. Clarke. 2003. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:3983–3988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2000. Adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. NIH Consensus Statement 17:1–35.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 1992. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet 339:71–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoki, Y., T. Niihori, H. Kawame, K. Kurosawa, H. Ohashi, Y. Tanaka, M. Filocamo, K. Kato, Y. Suzuki, S. Kure, and Y. Matsubara. 2005. Germline mutations in HRAS proto-oncogene cause Costello syndrome. Nat. Genet. 37:1038–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafico, A., G. Liu, L. Goldin, V. Harris, and S. A. Aaronson. 2004. An autocrine mechanism for constitutive Wnt pathway activation in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell 6:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beachy, P. A., S. S. Karhadkar, and D. M. Berman. 2004. Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis. Nature 432:324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, R. B., J. W. Jang, L. Sintasath, and L. A. Chodosh. 2004. Lack of sustained regression of c-MYC-induced mammary adenocarcinomas following brief or prolonged MYC inactivation. Cancer Cell 6:577–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, S., F. D. Vogl, B. Naume, W. Janni, M. P. Osborne, R. C. Coombes, G. Schlimok, I. J. Diel, B. Gerber, G. Gebauer, J. Y. Pierga, C. Marth, D. Oruzio, G. Wiedswang, E. F. Solomayer, G. Kundt, B. Strobl, T. Fehm, G. Y. Wong, J. Bliss, A. Vincent-Salomon, and K. Pantel. 2005. A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 353:793–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisken, C., A. Heineman, T. Chavarria, B. Elenbaas, J. Tan, S. K. Dey, J. A. McMahon, A. P. McMahon, and R. A. Weinberg. 2000. Essential function of Wnt-4 in mammary gland development downstream of progesterone signaling. Genes Dev. 14:650–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, L., A. Tam, J. Pomerantz, M. Wong, J. Holash, N. Bardeesy, Q. Shen, R. O'Hagan, J. Pantginis, H. Zhou, J. W. Horner II, C. Cordon-Cardo, G. D. Yancopoulos, and R. A. DePinho. 1999. Essential role for oncogenic Ras in tumour maintenance. Nature 400:468–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Cruz, C. M., E. J. Gunther, R. B. Boxer, J. L. Hartman, L. Sintasath, S. E. Moody, J. D. Cox, S. I. Ha, G. K. Belka, A. Golant, R. D. Cardiff, and L. A. Chodosh. 2001. c-MYC induces mammary tumorigenesis by means of a preferred pathway involving spontaneous Kras2 mutations. Nat. Med. 7:235–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demicheli, R. 2001. Tumour dormancy: findings and hypotheses from clinical research on breast cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 11:297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demicheli, R., M. Terenziani, P. Valagussa, A. Moliterni, M. Zambetti, and G. Bonadonna. 1994. Local recurrences following mastectomy: support for the concept of tumor dormancy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:45–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dontu, G., M. Al-Hajj, W. M. Abdallah, M. F. Clarke, and M. S. Wicha. 2003. Stem cells in normal breast development and breast cancer. Cell Prolif. 36(Suppl. 1):59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, E., T. Tumbar, and G. Guasch. 2004. Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche. Cell 116:769–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudjonsson, T., R. Villadsen, H. L. Nielsen, L. Ronnov-Jessen, M. J. Bissell, and O. W. Petersen. 2002. Isolation, immortalization, and characterization of a human breast epithelial cell line with stem cell properties. Genes Dev. 16:693–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther, E. J., S. E. Moody, G. K. Belka, K. T. Hahn, N. Innocent, K. D. Dugan, R. D. Cardiff, and L. A. Chodosh. 2003. Impact of p53 loss on reversal and recurrence of conditional Wnt-induced tumorigenesis. Genes Dev. 17:488–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochedlinger, K., R. Blelloch, C. Brennan, Y. Yamada, M. Kim, L. Chin, and R. Jaenisch. 2004. Reprogramming of a melanoma genome by nuclear transplantation. Genes Dev. 18:1875–1885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, E., S. Ishida, J. Pittman, H. Dressman, A. Bild, M. Kloos, M. D'Amico, R. G. Pestell, M. West, and J. R. Nevins. 2003. Gene expression phenotypic models that predict the activity of oncogenic pathways. Nat. Genet. 34:226–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joseph, N. M., and S. J. Morrison. 2005. Toward an understanding of the physiological function of mammalian stem cells. Dev. Cell 9:173–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kordon, E. C., and G. H. Smith. 1998. An entire functional mammary gland may comprise the progeny from a single cell. Development 125:1921–1930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., B. Welm, K. Podsypanina, S. Huang, M. Chamorro, X. Zhang, T. Rowlands, M. Egeblad, P. Cowin, Z. Werb, L. K. Tan, J. M. Rosen, and H. E. Varmus. 2003. Evidence that transgenes encoding components of the Wnt signaling pathway preferentially induce mammary cancers from progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:15853–15858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. Y., S. P. McDermott, S. S. Khwaja, and C. M. Alexander. 2004. The transforming activity of Wnt effectors correlates with their ability to induce the accumulation of mammary progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:4158–4163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyoshi, K., J. M. Shillingford, F. Le Provost, F. Gounari, R. Bronson, H. von Boehmer, M. M. Taketo, R. D. Cardiff, L. Hennighausen, and K. Khazaie. 2002. Activation of beta-catenin signaling in differentiated mammary secretory cells induces transdifferentiation into epidermis and squamous metaplasias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:219–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, S. E., D. Perez, T. C. Pan, C. J. Sarkisian, C. P. Portocarrero, C. J. Sterner, K. L. Notorfrancesco, R. D. Cardiff, and L. A. Chodosh. 2005. The transcriptional repressor Snail promotes mammary tumor recurrence. Cancer Cell 8:197–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusse, R., A. van Ooyen, D. Cox, Y. K. Fung, and H. Varmus. 1984. Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15. Nature 307:131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardal, R., M. F. Clarke, and S. J. Morrison. 2003. Applying the principles of stem-cell biology to cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3:895–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsypanina, K., Y. Li, and H. E. Varmus. 2004. Evolution of somatic mutations in mammary tumors in transgenic mice is influenced by the inherited genotype. BMC Med. 2:24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangarajan, A., S. J. Hong, A. Gifford, and R. A. Weinberg. 2004. Species- and cell type-specific requirements for cellular transformation. Cancer Cell 6:171–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reya, T., and H. Clevers. 2005. Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature 434:843–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reya, T., S. J. Morrison, M. F. Clarke, and I. L. Weissman. 2001. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414:105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riethmuller, G., and C. A. Klein. 2001. Early cancer cell dissemination and late metastatic relapse: clinical reflections and biological approaches to the dormancy problem in patients. Semin. Cancer Biol. 11:307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner, A., K. Miyoshi, E. Landesman-Bollag, X. Xu, D. C. Seldin, A. R. Moser, C. L. MacLeod, G. Shyamala, A. E. Gillgrass, and R. D. Cardiff. 2002. Pathway pathology: histological differences between ErbB/Ras and Wnt pathway transgenic mammary tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 161:1087–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shachaf, C. M., A. M. Kopelman, C. Arvanitis, A. Karlsson, S. Beer, S. Mandl, M. H. Bachmann, A. D. Borowsky, B. Ruebner, R. D. Cardiff, Q. Yang, J. M. Bishop, C. H. Contag, and D. W. Felsher. 2004. MYC inactivation uncovers pluripotent differentiation and tumour dormancy in hepatocellular cancer. Nature 431:1112–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton, M., F. Vaillant, K. J. Simpson, J. Stingl, G. K. Smyth, M. L. Asselin-Labat, L. Wu, G. J. Lindeman, and J. E. Visvader. 2006. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 439:84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn, E., W. Muller, P. Pattengale, I. Tepler, R. Wallace, and P. Leder. 1987. Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: synergistic action of oncogenes in vivo. Cell 49:465–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. H., and D. Medina. 1988. A morphologically distinct candidate for an epithelial stem cell in mouse mammary gland. J. Cell Sci. 90:173–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stingl, J., P. Eirew, I. Ricketson, M. Shackleton, F. Vaillant, D. Choi, H. I. Li, and C. J. Eaves. 2006. Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells. Nature 439:993–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taipale, J., and P. A. Beachy. 2001. The Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways in cancer. Nature 411:349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhr, J. W., R. H. Scheuermann, N. E. Street, and E. S. Vitetta. 1997. Cancer dormancy: opportunities for new therapeutic approaches. Nat. Med. 3:505–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman, I. L., D. J. Anderson, and F. Gage. 2001. Stem and progenitor cells: origins, phenotypes, lineage commitments, and transdifferentiations. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 17:387–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman, B. S., and Z. Werb. 2002. Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer. Science 296:1046–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar