Integration of Regulatory Networks by NKX3-1 Promotes Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer Survival

REFERENCES

• Abate-Shen C, Shen MM. 2000. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer. Genes Dev. 14: 2410–2434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abate-Shen C, Shen MM, Gelmann E. 2008. Integrating differentiation and cancer: the Nkx3.1 homeobox gene in prostate organogenesis and carcinogenesis. Differentiation 76: 717–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asatiani E, et al. 2005. Deletion, methylation, and expression of the NKX3.1 suppressor gene in primary human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 65: 1164–1173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beato M, Sanchez-Pacheco A. 1996. Interaction of steroid hormone receptors with the transcription initiation complex. Endocr. Rev. 17: 587–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergerheim US, Kunimi K, Collins VP, Ekman P. 1991. Deletion mapping of chromosomes 8, 10, and 16 in human prostatic carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 3: 215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethel CR, et al. 2006. Decreased NKX3.1 protein expression in focal prostatic atrophy, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma: association with gleason score and chromosome 8p deletion. Cancer Res. 66: 10683–10690.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatia-Gaur R, et al. 1999. Roles for Nkx3.1 in prostate development and cancer. Genes Dev. 13: 966–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieberich CJ, Fujita K, He WW, Jay G. 1996. Prostate-specific and androgen-dependent expression of a novel homeobox gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 31779–31782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton EC, et al. 2007. Cell- and gene-specific regulation of primary target genes by the androgen receptor. Genes Dev. 21: 2005–2017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruckheimer EM, Kyprianou N. 2001. Dihydrotestosterone enhances transforming growth factor-beta-induced apoptosis in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 142: 2419–2426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll JS, et al. 2006. Genome-wide analysis of estrogen receptor binding sites. Nat. Genet. 38: 1289–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang C, et al. 1995. Androgen receptor: an overview. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 5: 97–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H, Snoek R, Ghaidi F, Cox ME, Rennie PS. 2006. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of the androgen receptor attenuates ligand-independent activation and delays tumor progression. Cancer Res. 66: 10613–10620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng KW, Lahad JP, Gray JW, Mills GB. 2005. Emerging role of RAB GTPases in cancer and human disease. Cancer Res. 65: 2516–2519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung E, Kraus WL. 2010. Genomic analyses of hormone signaling and gene regulation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72: 191–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chuang AY, et al. 2007. Immunohistochemical differentiation of high-grade prostate carcinoma from urothelial carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31: 1246–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claessens F, et al. 2001. Selective DNA binding by the androgen receptor as a mechanism for hormone-specific gene regulation. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 76: 23–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Compagno D, et al. 2007. SIRNA-directed in vivo silencing of androgen receptor inhibits the growth of castration-resistant prostate carcinomas. PLoS One 2: e1006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craft N, et al. 1999. Evidence for clonal outgrowth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells from androgen-dependent tumors through a two-step process. Cancer Res. 59: 5030–5036.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunha GR, et al. 1987. The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocr. Rev. 8: 338–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehm SM, Tindall DJ. 2006. Molecular regulation of androgen action in prostate cancer. J. Cell Biochem. 99: 333–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder IE, et al. 2000. Inhibition of LncaP prostate cancer cells by means of androgen receptor antisense oligonucleotides. Cancer Gene Ther. 7: 997–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder IE, et al. 2002. Inhibition of LNCaP prostate tumor growth in vivo by an antisense oligonucleotide directed against the human androgen receptor. Cancer Gene Ther. 9: 117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman BJ, Feldman D. 2001. The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 1: 34–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galbraith SM, Duchesne GM. 1997. Androgens and prostate cancer: biology, pathology and hormonal therapy. Eur. J. Cancer 33: 545–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao N, et al. 2003. The role of hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 alpha (forkhead box A1) and androgen receptor in transcriptional regulation of prostatic genes. Mol. Endocrinol. 17: 1484–1507.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gary B, et al. 2004. Interaction of Nkx3.1 and p27kip1 in prostate tumor initiation. Am. J. Pathol. 164: 1607–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelmann EP. 2002. Molecular biology of the androgen receptor. J. Clin. Oncol. 20: 3001–3015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabs D, Bergmann M, Urban M, Post A, Gratzl M. 1996. Rab3 proteins and SNAP-25, essential components of the exocytosis machinery in conventional synapses, are absent from ribbon synapses of the mouse retina. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8: 162–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gurel B, et al. 2010. NKX3.1 as a marker of prostatic origin in metastatic tumors. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 34: 1097–1105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He HH, et al. 2010. Nucleosome dynamics define transcriptional enhancers. Nat. Genet. 42: 343–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He WW, et al. 1997. A novel human prostate-specific, androgen-regulated homeobox gene (NKX3.1) that maps to 8p21, a region frequently deleted in prostate cancer. Genomics 43: 69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heemers HV, Tindall DJ. 2007. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex. Endocr. Rev. 28: 778–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinlein CA, Chang C. 2002. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: an overview. Endocr. Rev. 23: 175–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrix A, et al. 2010. Effect of the secretory small GTPase Rab27B on breast cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 102: 866–880.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jemal A, et al. 2008. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J. Clin. 58: 71–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia L, et al. 2008. Genomic androgen receptor-occupied regions with different functions, defined by histone acetylation, coregulators and transcriptional capacity. PLoS One 3: e3645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keller ET, Ershler WB, Chang C. 1996. The androgen receptor: a mediator of diverse responses. Front. Biosci. 1: d59–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korkmaz KS, et al. 2000. Full-length cDNA sequence and genomic organization of human NKX3A—alternative forms and regulation by both androgens and estrogens. Gene 260: 25–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kos L, Chiang C, Mahon KA. 1998. Mediolateral patterning of somites: multiple axial signals, including Sonic hedgehog, regulate Nkx-3.1 expression. Mech. Dev. 70: 25–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lei Q, et al. 2006. NKX3.1 stabilizes p53, inhibits AKT activation, and blocks prostate cancer initiation caused by PTEN loss. Cancer Cell 9: 367–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao X, Tang S, Thrasher JB, Griebling TL, Li B. 2005. Small-interfering RNA-induced androgen receptor silencing leads to apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 4: 505–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin B, et al. 2009. Integrated expression profiling and ChIP-seq analyses of the growth inhibition response program of the androgen receptor. PLoS One 4: e6589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linhart C, Halperin Y, Shamir R. 2008. Transcription factor and microRNA motif discovery: the Amadeus platform and a compendium of metazoan target sets. Genome Res. 18: 1180–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lledo PM, Vernier P, Vincent JD, Mason WT, Zorec R. 1993. Inhibition of Rab3B expression attenuates Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis in rat anterior pituitary cells. Nature 364: 540–544.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lupien M, et al. 2008. FoxA1 translates epigenetic signatures into enhancer-driven lineage-specific transcription. Cell 132: 958–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee JA, Abdulkadir SA, Milbrandt J. 2003. Haploinsufficiency at the Nkx3.1 locus. A paradigm for stochastic, dosage-sensitive gene regulation during tumor initiation. Cancer Cell 3: 273–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massie CE, et al. 2007. New androgen receptor genomic targets show an interaction with the ETS1 transcription factor. EMBO Rep. 8: 871–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna NJ, O'Malley BW. 2002. Combinatorial control of gene expression by nuclear receptors and coregulators. Cell 108: 465–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogal AP, van der Meer R, Crooke PS, Abdulkadir SA. 2007. Haploinsufficient prostate tumor suppression by Nkx3.1: a role for chromatin accessibility in dosage-sensitive gene regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 25790–25800.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nunes FD, de Almeida FC, Tucci R, de Sousa SC. 2003. Homeobox genes: a molecular link between development and cancer. Pesqui. Odontol. Bras. 17: 94–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Possner M, et al. 2008. Functional analysis of NKX3.1 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by RNA interference. Int. J. Oncol. 32: 877–884.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prescott JL, Blok L, Tindall DJ. 1998. Isolation and androgen regulation of the human homeobox cDNA, NKX3.1. Prostate 35: 71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy AK, et al. 1999. Regulation of androgen action. Vitam. Horm. 55: 309–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel S, Naora H. 2005. Homeobox gene expression in cancer: insights from developmental regulation and deregulation. Eur. J. Cancer 41: 2428–2437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciavolino PJ, et al. 1997. Tissue-specific expression of murine Nkx3.1 in the male urogenital system. Dev. Dyn. 209: 127–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah N, Sukumar S. 2010. The Hox genes and their roles in oncogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10: 361–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanfel MN, Moses KA, Schwartz RJ, Zimmer WE. 2005. Regulation of organ development by the NKX-homeodomain factors: an NKX code. Cell Mol. Biol. 51(Suppl.): OL785–OL799.
   Google Scholar
• Takayama K, et al. 2007. Identification of novel androgen response genes in prostate cancer cells by coupling chromatin immunoprecipitation and genomic microarray analysis. Oncogene 26: 4453–4463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama K, et al. 2009. Amyloid precursor protein is a primary androgen target gene that promotes prostate cancer growth. Cancer Res. 69: 137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan SK, et al. 2011. AP-2gamma regulates oestrogen receptor-mediated long-range chromatin interaction and gene transcription. EMBO. J. 30: 2569–2581.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trapman J, Brinkmann AO. 1996. The androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Pathol. Res. Pract. 192: 752–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapman J, et al. 1994. Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 8 microsatellite loci implicates a candidate tumor suppressor gene between the loci D8S87 and D8S133 in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 54: 6061–6064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vocke CD, et al. 1996. Analysis of 99 microdissected prostate carcinomas reveals a high frequency of allelic loss on chromosome 8p12-21. Cancer Res. 56: 2411–2416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, et al. 2011. Reprogramming transcription by distinct classes of enhancers functionally defined by eRNA. Nature 474: 390–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JS, Wang FB, Zhang QG, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. 2008. Enhanced expression of Rab27A gene by breast cancer cells promoting invasiveness and the metastasis potential by secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II. Mol. Cancer Res. 6: 372–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, et al. 2007. A hierarchical network of transcription factors governs androgen receptor-dependent prostate cancer growth. Mol. Cell 27: 380–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, et al. 2009. A luminal epithelial stem cell that is a cell of origin for prostate cancer. Nature 461: 495–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber E, Jilling T, Kirk KL. 1996. Distinct functional properties of Rab3A and Rab3B in PC12 neuroendocrine cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 6963–6971.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright ME, Tsai MJ, Aebersold R. 2003. Androgen receptor represses the neuroendocrine transdifferentiation process in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 17: 1726–1737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu H, et al. 2010. A signal-noise model for significance analysis of ChIP-seq with negative control. Bioinformatics 26: 1199–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Q, Fung KM, Day WV, Kropp BP, Lin HK. 2005. Androgen receptor signaling is required for androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. Cancer Cell Int. 5: 8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, et al. 2010. An integrated network of androgen receptor, polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Cell 17: 443–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zegarra-Moro OL, Schmidt LJ, Huang H, Tindall DJ. 2002. Disruption of androgen receptor function inhibits proliferation of androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 62: 1008–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, et al. 2008. Loss of NKX3.1 favors vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 68: 8770–8778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Chang CW, Goh WL, Sung WK, Cheung E. CENTDIST: discovery of co-associated factors by motif distribution. Nucleic Acids Res., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu ML, Kyprianou N. 2008. Androgen receptor and growth factor signaling cross-talk in prostate cancer cells. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 15: 841–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar