DNA-Binding Specificity of the PAR Basic Leucine Zipper Protein VBP Partially Overlaps Those of the C/EBP and CREB/ATF Families and Is Influenced by Domains That Flank the Core Basic Region

REFERENCES

• Agre, P., P. F. Johnson, and S. L. McKnight. 1989. Cognate DNA binding specificity retained after leucine zipper exchange between GCN4 and C/EBP. Science 246:922–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbrook, D. M., and N. C. Jones. 1994. Different binding specificities and transactivation of variant CRE's by CREB complexes. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:1463–1469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burch, J. B. E., and D. L. Davis. 1994. Alternative promoter usage and splicing options result in the differential expression of mRNAs encoding for isoforms of chicken VBP, a member of the PAR subfamily of bZIP transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4733–4741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capovilla, M., E. D. Eldon, and V. Pirrotta. 1992. The giant gene of Dro-sophila encodes a b-ZIP DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of other segmentation gap genes. Development 114:99–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowell, I. G., A. Skinner, and H. C. Hurst. 1992. Transcriptional repression by a novel member of the bZIP family of transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:3070–3077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drolet, D. W., K. M. Scully, D. M. Simmons, M. Wegner, K. Chu, L. W. Swanson, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1991. TEF, a transcription factor expressed specifically in the anterior pituitary during embryogenesis, defines a new class of leucine zipper proteins. Genes Dev. 5:1739–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, S. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberger, T. E., C. J. Brandl, K. Struhl, and S. C. Harrison. 1992. The GCN4 basic region leucine zipper binds DNA as a dimer of uninterrupted a helices: crystal structure of the protein-DNA complex. Cell 71:1223–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunger, S. P., R. Brown, and M. L. Cleary. 1994. DNA-binding and transcriptional regulatory properties of hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) and the t(17;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia chimera E2A-HLF. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5986–5996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunger, S. P., K. Ohyashiki, K. Toyoma, and M. L. Cleary. 1992. HLF, a novel hepatic bZIP protein, shows altered DNA-binding properties following fusion to E2A in t(17;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Dev. 6:1608–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurst, H. C. 1994. Transcription factors. 1. bZIP proteins. Protein Profiles 1:123–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inaba, T., W. M. Roberts, L. H. Shapiro, K. W. Jolly, S. C. Raimondi, S. D. Smith, and A. T. Look. 1992. Fusion of the leucine zipper gene HLF to the E2a gene in human acute B-lineage leukemia. Science 257:531–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, S. V., D. L. Davis, S. N. Seal, and J. B. E. Burch. 1991. Chicken vitellogenin gene-binding protein, a leucine zipper transcription factor that binds to an important control element in the chicken vitellogenin II promoter, is related to rat DBP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:4863–4875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, P. F. 1993. Identification of C/EBP basic region residues involved in DNA sequence recognition and half-site spacing preference. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6919–6930.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, J., D. Tzamarias, T. Ellenberger, S. C. Harrison, and K. Struhl. 1993. Adaptability at the protein-DNA interface is an important aspect of sequence recognition by bZIP proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4513–4517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konig, P., and T. J. Richmond. 1993. The X-ray structure of the GCN4-bZIP bound to ATF/CREB site DNA shows the complex depends on DNA flexibility. J. Mol. Biol. 233:139–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouzarides, T., and E. Ziff. 1988. The role of the leucine zipper in the fos-jun interaction. Nature (London) 336:646–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouzarides, T., and E. Ziff. 1989. Leucine zippers of fos, jun and GCN4 dictate dimerization specificity and thereby control DNA binding. Nature (London) 340:568–571.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landschulz, W. H., P. F. Johnson, and S. L. McKnight. 1989. The DNA binding domain of the rat liver nuclear protein C/EBP is bipartite. Science 243:1681–1688.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, C. R., P. Maire, and U. Schibler. 1990. DBP, a liver-enriched transcriptional activator, is expressed late in ontogeny and its tissue specificity is determined posttranscriptionally. Cell 61:279–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakabeppu, Y., and D. Nathans. 1989. The basic region of Fos mediates specific DNA binding. EMBO J. 8:3833–3841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliphant, A. R., C. J. Brandl, and K. Struhl. 1989. Defining sequence specificity DNA-binding proteins by selecting binding sites from random-sequence oligonucleotides: analysis of the yeast GCN4 protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:2944–2949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neil, K. T., R. H. Hoess, and W. F. DeGrado. 1990. Design of DNA-binding peptides based on the leucine zipper motif. Science 249:774–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolella, D. N., C. R. Palmer, and A. Schepartz. 1994. DNA targets for certain bZIP proteins distinguished by an intrinsic bend. Science 264:1130–1133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollock, R., and R. Treisman. 1990. A sensitive method for the determination of protein-DNA binding specificities. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6197–6204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransone, L. J., P. Wamsley, K. L. Morley, and I. M. Verma. 1990. Domain swapping reveals the modular nature of Fos, Jun, and CREB proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4565–4573.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rooney, R. J., P. Raychaudhuri, and J. R. Nevins. 1990. E4F and ATF, two transcription factors that recognize the same site, can be distinguished both physically and functionally: a role for E4F in E1A trans activation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5138–5149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samadani, U., A. Porcella, L. Pani, P. F. Johnson, J. Burch, R. Pine, and R. H. Costa. Cytokine regulation of the liver transcription factor HNF-3b is mediated by the C/EBP family and interferon regulatory factor 1. Submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, J. W., and K. Struhl. 1989. Changing Fos oncoprotein to a Jun-independent DNA-binding protein with GCN4 dimerization specificity by swapping ‘‘leucine zippers.’’ Nature (London) 341:74–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, J. W., A. C. Vincent, and K. Struhl. 1990. Mutations that define the optimal half-site for binding yeast GCN4 activator protein and identify an ATF/CREB-like repressor that recognizes similar DNA sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5077–5086.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Studier, F. W., A. H. Rosenberg, J. J. Dunn, and J. W. Dubendorff. 1990. Use of T7 RNA polymerase to direct expression of cloned genes. Methods En-zymol. 185:60–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suckow, M., B. von Wilcken-Bergmann, and B. Muller-Hill. 1993. Identifi-cation of three residues in the basic regions of the bZIP proteins GCN4, C/EBP, and TAF-1 that are involved in specific DNA binding. EMBO J. 12:1193–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinson, C. R., T. Hai, and S. M. Boyd. 1993. Dimerization specificity of the leucine zipper-containing bZIP motif on DNA binding: prediction and rational design. Genes Dev. 7:1047–1058.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinson, C. R., P. B. Sigler, and S. L. McKnight. 1989. Scissors-grip model for DNA recognition by a family of leucine zipper proteins. Science 246:911–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaret, K. S., J.-K. Liu, and C. M. DiPersio. 1990. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals a liver transcription factor essential for the albumin enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5469–5473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar