Overexpression of an Activated rasG Gene during Growth Blocks the Initiation of Dictyostelium Development

REFERENCES

• Barbacid, M. 1987. ras genes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:779–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsagi, D., and J. R. Feramisco. 1985. Microinjection of the ras-oncogene protein into PC12 cells induces morphological differentiation. Cell 42:841–848.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blumer, K., and G. Johnson. 1994. Diversity in function and regulation of MAP kinase pathways. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:236–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blusch, J., P. Morandini, and W. Nellen. 1992. Transcriptional regulation by folate: inducible gene expression in Dictyostelium transformants during growth and early development. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:6235–6238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blusch, J. H., and W. Nellen. 1994. Folate responsiveness during growth and development of Dictyostelium: separate but related pathways control of chemotaxis and gene regulation. Mol. Microbiol. 11:331–335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonner, J. T. 1947. Evidence for the formation of cell aggregates by chemotaxis in the development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. J. Exp. Zool. 106:1–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning, D. D., T. The, and D. H. O’Day. 1995. Comparative analysis of chemotaxis in Dictyostelium using a radial bioassay method. Cell. Signalling 7:481–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daniel, J., J. Bush, J. Cardelli, G. B. Spiegelman, and G. Weeks. 1993. Isolation of two novel ras genes in Dictyostelium discoideum: evidence for a complex, developmentally regulated ras-gene subfamily. Oncogene 9:501–508.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, J., G. B. Spiegelman, and G. Weeks. 1993. Characterization of a third ras gene, rasB that is expressed throughout the growth and development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Oncogene 8:1041–1047.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feig, L. A., and G. M. Cooper. 1988. Inhibition of NIH 373 cell proliferation by a mutant ras protein with a preferential affinity for GDP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:3235–3243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabelling DNA restriction fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke, J., G. J. Podgorski, and R. H. Kessin. 1987. The expression of two transcripts of the phosphodiesterase gene during the development of Dic- tyostelium discoideum. Dev. Biol. 124:504–511.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franza, B. R., K. Maruyama, J. I. Garrels, and H. E. Ruley. 1986. In vitro establishment is not a sufficient prerequisite for transformation by activated ras oncogenes. Cell 44:409–418.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harwood, A. J., N. A. Hopper, M.-N. Simon, S. Bouzid, M. Veron, and J. G. Williams. 1992. Multiple roles for cAMP-dependent protein kinase during Dictyostelium development. Dev. Biol. 149:90–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harwood, A. J., N. A. Hopper, M.-N. Simon, D. M. Driscoll, M. Veron, and J. G. Williams. 1992. Culmination in Dictyostelium is regulated by the cAMP dependent protein kinase. Cell 69:615–624.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopper, N. A., A. J. Harwood, S. Bouzid, M. Veron, and J. G. Williams. 1993. Activation of the prespore and spore pathway of Dictyostelium differentiation by cAMP dependent protein kinase and evidence for its upstream regulation by ammonia. EMBO J. 12:2459–2466.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Insall, R., A. Kuspa, P. J. Lilly, G. Shaulsky, L. R. Levin, W. F. Loomis, and P. N. Devreotes. 1994. CRAC, a cytosolic protein containing a pleckstrin homology domain is required for receptor and G protein-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Biol. 126:1537–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataoka, T., D. Broek, and M. Wigler. 1985. DNA sequence and characterization of the S. cerevisiae gene encoding adenylate cyclase. Cell 43:493–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelekar, A., and M. D. Cole. 1987. Immortalization by c-myc, H-ras, and Ela oncogenes induces differential cellular gene expression and growth factor responses. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3899–3907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khosla, M., S. M. Robbins, G. B. Spiegelman, and G. Weeks. 1990. The regulation of DdrasG gene expression during Dictyostelium development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:918–922.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khosla, M., G. B. Spiegelman, G. Weeks, T. W. Sands, K. J. Virdy, and D. A. Cotter. 1994. RasG protein accumulation occurs just prior to amoebae emergence during spore germination in Dictyostelium discoideum FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 117:293–298.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, P. S., T. Z. Sun, C. L. Saxe, A. R. Kimmel, R. L. Johnson, and P. N. Devreotes. 1988. A chemoattractant receptor controls development in Dic- tyostelium discoideum. Science 241:1467–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunkel, T. A., J. D. Roberts, and R. A. Zakour. 1987. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Methods Enzymol. 154:367–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of the bacteriophage T4. Nature (London) 227:592–596.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maly, F., L. A. Quilliam, O. Doresuil, C. J. Der, and G. M. Bokoch. 1994. Activated or dominant negative inhibitory mutants of Rap1A decrease the oxidative burst of Epstein-Barr virus transformed B lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:18743–18746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, S. K. O., and R. A. Firtel. 1993. cAMP dependent protein kinase differentially regulates prestalk and prespore differentiation during Dictyo- stelium development. Development 119:135–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mead, D. A., E. Szczesna-Skorupa, and B. Kemper. 1986. Single-stranded DNA blue T7 promoter plasmids: a versatile tandem promoter system for cloning and protein engineering. Protein Eng. 1:67–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medema, R. H., and J. L. Bos. 1993. The role of p21 ras in receptor tyrosinekinase signaling. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 4:615–661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitt, G. S., R. Brandt, K. C. Lin, P. N. Devreotes, and P. Schaape. 1993. Extracellular cyclic AMP is sufficient to restore developmental gene expression and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium cells lacking the aggregation adenylate cyclase (ACA). Genes Dev. 7:2172–2180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rebstein, P. J., G. Weeks, and G. B. Spiegelman. 1993. Altered morphology of vegetative amoebae induced by increased expression of the Dictyostelium discoideum ras-related gene rap1. Dev. Genet. 14:347–355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reymond, C. D., R. H. Gomer, M. Mehdy, and R. A. Firtel. 1984. Developmental regulation of a Dictyostelium gene encoding a protein homologous to mammalian ras protein. Cell 39:141–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reymond, C. D., R. H. Gomer, W. Nellen, A. Thiebert, P. N. Devreotes, and R. A. Firtel. 1986. Phenotypic changes induced by a mutated ras gene during the development of Dictyostelium transformants. Nature (London) 323:340–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridley, A. J., H. F. Paterson, M. Noble, and H. Land. 1988. ras-mediated cell cycle arrest is altered by nuclear oncogenes to induce Schwann cell transformation. EMBO J. 7:1635–1645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robbins, S. M., J. G. Williams, K. A. Jermyn, G. B. Spiegelman, and G. Weeks. 1989. Growing and developing Dictyostelium cells express different ras genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:938–942.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sassone-Corsi, P., C. J. Der, and I. M. Verma. 1989. ras-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells: possible involvement of fos and jun. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3174–3183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe, C. L., III, R. L. Johnson, P. N. Devreotes, and A. R. Kimmel. 1991. Expression of a cAMP receptor gene of Dictyostelium and evidence for a multigene family. Genes Dev. 5:1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulkes, C., and P. Schaap. 1995. cAMP dependent protein kinase activity is essential for preaggregative gene expression in Dictyostelium. FEBS Lett. 368:381–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segall, J. E., A. Kuspa, G. Shaulsky, M. Ecke, M. Meada, C. Gaskins, R. A. Firtel, and W. F. Loomis. 1995. A MAP kinase necessary for receptor- mediated activation of adenylate cyclase in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Biol. 128:405–413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiery, R., S. Robbins, M. Khosla, G. B. Spiegelman, and G. Weeks. 1992. The effects of expression of an activated rasG mutation of the differentiation of Dictyostelium. Biochem. Cell Biol. 70:1193–1199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Towbin, H., T. Staehelin, and J. Gordon. 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedures and some applications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:4350–5354.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia, A., P. Chardin, A. Wittinghofer, and C. Sander. 1991. The Ras protein family: evolutionary tree and role of conserved amino acids. Biochemistry 30:4637–4648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Haastert, P. J. M. 1984. A method for studying cAMP relay in Dictyo- stelium discoideum: the effect of temperature on cAMP relay. J. Gen. Microbiol. 130:2559–2564.
   Google Scholar
• Vieira, J., and J. Messing. 1987. Production of single-stranded plasmid DNA. Methods Enzymol. 153:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar