REFERENCES
- Allaway, G. P., A. A. Vivino, L. D. Kohn, A. L. Notkins, and B. S. Prabhakar. 1989. Characterization of the 70 kDa component of the Ku autoantigen expressed in insect cell nuclei using a baculovirus expression vector. Bio-chem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:747.
- Anderson, C. W., and T. H. Carter. 1996. The DNA-activated protein kinase-DNA-PK, p. 91–112. In R. Jessberger and M. R. Lieber (ed.), Molecular analysis of DNA rearrangements in the immune system. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Barnes, W. M. 1994. PCR amplification of up to 5-kb DNA with high fidelity and high yield from lambda bacteriophage templates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2216–2220.
- Beall, E., A. Admon, and D. Rio. 1994. A Drosophila protein homologous to the p70Ku autoimmune antigen interacts with the P transposable element inverted repeats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:12681–12685.
- Biedermann, K. A., J. Sun, A. J. Giaccia, T. M. Tosto, and J. M. Brown. 1991. scid mutation in mice confers hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation and a deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1394–1397.
- Blier, P. R., A. J. Griffith, J. Craft, and J. A. Hardin. 1993. Binding of Ku protein to DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 268:7594–7601.
- Blunt, T., N. J. Finnie, G. E. Taccioli, G. C. M. Smith, J. Demengeot, T. M. Gottlieb, R. Mizuta, A. J. Varghese, F. W. Alt, P. A. Jeggo, and S. P. Jackson. 1995. Defective DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is linked to V(D)J recombination and DNA repair defects associated with the murine scid mutation. Cell 80:813–823.
- Carter, T., I. Vančurová, I. Sun, W. Lou, and S. DeLeon. 1990. A DNA-activated protein kinase from HeLa cell nuclei. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6460–6471.
- Chan, J. Y. C., M. I. Lerman, B. S. Prabhakar, O. Isozaki, P. Santisteban, R. C. Kuppers, E. L. Oattes, A. L. Notkins, and L. D. Kohn. 1989. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA that encodes a 70 kDa novel human thyroid antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 264:3651–3654.
- Chang, C., K. A. Biedermann, M. Mezzina, and J. M. Brown. 1993. Characterization of the DNA double strand break repair defect in scid mice. Cancer Res. 53:1244–1248.
- Chou, C. H., J. Wang, M. Knuth, and W. H. Reeves. 1992. Role of a major autoepitope in forming the DNA binding site of the p70 (Ku) antigen. J. Exp. Med. 175:1677–1684.
- de Vries, E., W. van Driel, W. G. Bergsma, A. C. Arnberg, and P. C. van der Vliet. 1989. HeLa nuclear protein recognizing DNA termini and translocating on DNA forming a regular DNA-multimeric protein complex. J. Mol. Biol. 208:65–78.
- Dvir, A., L. Y. Stein, B. L. Calore, and W. S. Dynan. 1993. Purification and characterization of a template-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates RNA polymerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 268:10440–10447.
- Errami, A., V. Smider, W. K. Rathmell, D. M. He, E. A. Hendrickson, M. Z. Zdzienicka, and G. Chu. 1996. Ku86 defines the genetic defect and restores X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination to complementation group 5 hamster cell mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1519–1526.
- Falzon, M., J. Fewell, and E. L. Kuff. 1993. EBP-80, a transcription factor closely resembling the human autoantigen Ku, recognizes single- to double-strand transitions in DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 268:10546–10552.
- Feldmann, H., and E. Winnacker. 1993. A putative homologue of the human autoantigen Ku from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 268:12895–12900.
- Fields, S., and O. K. Song. 1989. A novel genetic system to detect protein-protein interactions. Nature (London) 340:245–246.
- Getts, R. C., and T. D. Stamato. 1994. Absence of a Ku-like DNA end binding activity in the xrs double-strand DNA repair-deficient mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 269:15981–15984.
- Giffin, W., H. Torrance, D. J. Rodda, G. G. Prefontaine, L. Pope, and R. J. G. Hache. 1996. Sequence-specific DNA binding by Ku autoantigen and its effects on transcription. Nature (London) 380:265–268.
- Gottlieb, T., and S. P. Jackson. 1993. The DNA-dependent protein kinase: requirement for DNA ends and association with Ku antigen. Cell 72:131–142.
- Griffith, A. J., P. R. Blier, T. Mimori, and J. A. Hardin. 1992. Ku polypep-tides synthesized in vitro assemble into complexes which recognize ends of double-stranded DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 267:331–338.
- Gyuris, J., E. Golemis, H. Chertkov, and R. Brent. 1993. Cdi1, a human G1 and S phase protein phosphatase that associates with Cdk2. Cell 75:791–803.
- Hendrickson, E. A., S. Qin, E. A. Bump, D. G. Schatz, M. Oettinger, and D. T. Weaver. 1991. A link between double-strand break-related repair and V(D)J recombination: the scid mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4061–4065.
- Jackson, S. P., and P. A. Jeggo. 1995. DNA double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination: involvement of DNA-PK. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:412–415.
- Lees-Miller, S. P., Y.-R. Chen, and C. W. Anderson. 1990. Human cells contain a DNA-activated protein kinase that phosphorylates simian virus 40 T antigen, mouse p53, and the human Ku autoantigen. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6472–6481.
- Lieber, M. R. 1996. Immunoglobulin diversity: rearranging by cutting and repairing. Curr. Biol. 6:134–136.
- Messier, H., T. Fuller, S. Mangal, H. Brickner, S. Igarashi, J. Gaiwad, R. Fotedar, and A. Fotedar. 1993. p70 lupus autoantigen binds the enhancer of the T-cell receptor beta chain gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2685–2689.
- Mimori, T., and J. A. Hardin. 1986. Mechanism of interaction between Ku protein and DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 261:10375–10379.
- Mimori, T., and J. A. Hardin. 1992. Ku polypeptides synthesized in vitro assemble into complex which recognizes ends of double-stranded DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 267:331–338.
- Mimori, T., Y. Ohosone, N. Hama, M. Akizuki, M. Homma, A. J. Griffith, and J. A. Hardin. 1990. Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding the 80-kDa subunit protein of the human autoantigen Ku (p70/80) recognized by autoantibodies from patients with scleroderma-polymyositis overlap syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1777–1781.
- Paillard, S., and F. Strauss. 1991. Analysis of the mechanism of interaction of simian Ku protein with DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5619–5624.
- Pergola, F., M. Z. Zdzienicka, and M. R. Lieber. 1993. V(D)J recombination in mammalian cell mutants defective in DNA double-strand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3464–3471.
- Peterson, S. R., A. Kurimasa, M. Oshimura, W. S. Dynan, E. M. Bradbury, and D. J. Chen. 1995. Loss of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase in DNA double-strand-break-repair mutant mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:3171–3174.
- Rathmell, W. K., and G. Chu. 1994. A DNA end-binding factor involved in double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4741–4748.
- Reeves, W. H. 1992. Antibodies to the p70/p80 (Ku) antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 18:391–414.
- Reeves, W. H., and Z. M. Sthoeger. 1989. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the p70(Ku) lupus autoantigen. J. Biol. Chem. 264:5047–5052.
- Roth, D., and J. Wilson. 1988. Illegitimate recombination in mammalian cells, p. 621–653. In R. Kucherlapati and G. R. Smith (ed.), Genetic recombination. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
- Smider, V., W. K. Rathmell, M. Lieber, and G. Chu. 1994. Restoration of X-ray resistance and V(D)J recombination in mutant mammalian cells by Ku. Science 266:288–291.
- Taccioli, G., H.-L. Cheng, A. J. Varghese, G. Whitmore, and F. Alt. 1994. A DNA repair defect in Chinese hamster ovary cells affects V(D)J recombination similarly to the murine scid mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 269:7439–7442.
- Taccioli, G., T. M. Gottlieb, T. Blunt, A. Priestley, J. Demengeot, R. Mizuta, A. Lehmann, F. W. Alt, S. P. Jackson, and P. A. Jeggo. 1994. Ku80: product of the XRCC5 gene and its role in DNA repair and V(D)J recombination. Science 265:1442–1445.
- Taccioli, G. E., G. Rathbun, E. Oltz, T. Stamato, P. A. Jeggo, and F. W. Alt. 1993. Impairment of V(D)J recombination in double-strand break repair mutants. Science 260:207–210.
- Tuteja, N., R. Tutega, A. Ochem, P. Taneja, N. Huang, A. Simoncsits, S. Susic, K. Rahman, L. Marusic, J. Chen, J. Zhang, S. Wang, S. Ponger, and A. Falaschi. 1994. Human DNA helicase II: a novel DNA unwinding enzyme identified as the ku autoantigen. EMBO J. 13:4991–5001.
- Wang, J., M. Satoh, C.-H. Chou, and W. H. Reeves. 1994. Similar DNA binding properties of free p70 (Ku) subunit and p70/p80 heterodimer. FEBS Lett. 351:219–224.
- Wang, J., M. Satoh, A. Pierani, J. Schmitt, C.-H. Chou, H. G. Stunnenberg, R. G. Roeder, and W. H. Reeves. 1994. Assembly and DNA binding of recombinant Ku (p70/p80) autoantigen defined by a novel monoclonal antibody specific for p70/p80 heterodimers. J. Cell Sci. 107:3223–3233.
- Wen, J., and M. Yaneva. 1990. Mapping of epitopes on the 86kDa subunit of the Ku autoantigen. Mol. Immunol. 27:973–980.
- Yaneva, M., J. Wen, A. Ayala, and R. Cook. 1989. cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of the 86-kDa subunit of the Ku antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 264:13407–13411.
- Zdzienicka, M. Z., N. van Wessel, and G. P. van der Schans. 1992. A fourth complementation group among ionizing radiation-sensitive Chinese hamster cell mutants defective in DNA double-strand break repair. Radiat. Res. 131:309–314.
- Zervos, A., J. Gyuris, and R. Brent. 1993. Mxi1, a protein that specifically interacts with Max to bind Myc-Max recognition sites. Cell 72:223–232.
- Zhang, W.-W., and M. Yaneva. 1992. On the mechanism of Ku protein binding to DNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186:574–579.