The Replication Origin Decision Point Is a Mitogen-Independent, 2-Aminopurine-Sensitive, G₁-Phase Event That Precedes Restriction Point Control

REFERENCES

• Andreassen, P., and R. Margolis. 1992. 2-Aminopurine overrides multiple cell cycle checkpoints in BHK cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2272–2276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andreassen, P., and R. Margolis. 1991. Induction of partial mitosis in BHK cells by 2-aminopurine. J. Cell Sci. 100:299–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blow, J. J. 1993. Preventing re-replication of DNA in a single cell cycle: evidence for a replication licensing factor. J. Cell Biol. 122:993–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blow, J. J., and R. A. Laskey. 1988. A role for the nuclear envelope in controlling DNA replication within the cell cycle. Nature 332:546–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blow, J. J., and A. M. Sleeman. 1990. Replication of purified DNA in Xenopus egg extract is dependent on nuclear assembly. J. Cell Sci. 95:383–391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burhans, W. C., L. T. Vassilev, M. S. Caddle, N. H. Heintz, and M. L. DePamphilis. 1990. Identification of an origin of bidirectional DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. Cell 62:955–965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpenter, P. B., P. R. Mueller, and W. G. Dunphy. 1996. Role for a Xenopus ORC2-related protein in controlling DNA replication. Nature 379:357–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, J. P. J., H. M. Mahbubani, C.-Y. Khoo, and J. J. Blow. 1995. Purification of an MCM-containing complex as a component of the DNA replication licensing system. Nature 375:418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocker, J. H., S. Piatti, C. Santocanale, K. Nasmyth, and J. F. Diffley. 1996. An essential role for the Cdc6 protein in forming the pre-replicative complexes of budding yeast. Nature 379:180–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, T. R., P. B. Carpenter, and W. G. Dunphy. 1996. The Xenopus Cdc6 protein is essential for the initiation of a single round of DNA replication in cell-free extracts. Cell 87:53–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coverley, D., and R. A. Laskey. 1994. Regulation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:745–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coverley, D., H. Wilkinson, and C. Downes. 1996. A protein kinase-depen-dent block to reinitiation of DNA replication in G2 phase in mammalian cells. Exp. Cell Res. 225:294–300.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DePamphilis, M. L. 1993. Origins of DNA replication in metazoan chromosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dernburg, A. F., K. W. Broman, J. C. Fung, W. F. Marshall, J. Philips, D. A. Agard, and J. W. Sedat. 1996. Perturbation of nuclear architecture by longdistance chromosome interactions. Cell 85:745–759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diffley, J. F., J. H. Cocker, S. J. Dowell, and A. Rowley. 1994. Two steps in the assembly of complexes at yeast replication origins in vivo. Cell 78:303–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkwel, P. A., and J. L. Hamlin. 1995. The Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase origin consists of multiple potential nascent-strand start sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3023–3031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gadbois, D., H. Crissman, R. Tobey, and E. Bradbury. 1992. Multiple kinase arrest points in the G1 phase of nontransformed mammalian cells are absent in transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:8626–8630.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gavin, K., M. Hidaka, and B. Stillman. 1995. Conserved initiator proteins in eukaryotes. Science 270:1667–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, D. M., H. Miyazawa, and M. L. DePamphilis. 1995. Site-specific initiation of DNA replication in Xenopus egg extract requires nuclear structure. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2942–2954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, J., F. Traganos, and Z. Darzynkiewicz. 1994. Staurosporine blocks cell progression through G1 between the cyclin D and cyclin E restriction points. Cancer Res. 54:3136–3139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gossen, M., D. Pak, S. Hansen, J. Acharya, and M. Botchan. 1995. A Drosophila homolog of the yeast origin recognition complex. Science 270:1674–1677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlin, J. L., and P. A. Dijkwel. 1995. On the nature of replication origins in higher eukaryotes. Curr. Opin. Genes Dev. 5:153–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamlin, J. L., P. J. Mosca, and V. V. Levenson. 1994. Defining origins of replication in mammalian cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1198:85–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrera, R., V. Sah, B. Williams, T. Makela, R. Weinberg, and T. Jacks. 1996. Altered cell cycle kinetics, gene expression, and G1 restriction point regulation in Rb-deficient fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2402–2407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huet, X., J. Rech, A. Plet, A. Vie, and J. Blanchard. 1996. CyclinA expression is under negative transcriptional control during the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3789–3798.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchison, C., J. Bridger, L. Cox, and I. Kill. 1994. Weaving a pattern from disparate threads: lamin function in nuclear assembly and DNA replication. J. Cell Sci. 107:3259–3269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyrien, O., C. Maric, and M. Mechali. 1995. Transition in specification of embryonic metazoan DNA replication origins. Science 270:994–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyrien, O., and M. Mechali. 1993. Chromosomal replication initiates and terminates at random sequences but at regular intervals in the ribosomal DNA of Xenopus early embryos. EMBO J. 12:4511–4520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, E., P.-L. Chen, C. Krachmarov, S. Barr, M. Kanovsky, Z.-W. Ma, and W.-H. Lee. 1995. Association of human Pura with the retinoblastoma protein, Rb, regulates binding to the single-stranded DNA Pura recognition element. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kubota, Y., S. Mimura, S. Nishimoto, H. Takizawa, and H. Nojima. 1995. Identification of the yeast MCM3-related protein as a component of Xenopus DNA replication licensing factor. Cell 81:601–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurz, A., S. Lampel, J. Nickolenko, J. Bradl, A. Benner, R. Zirbel, T. Cremer, and P. Lichter. 1996. Active and inactive genes localize preferentially in the periphery of chromosome territories. J. Cell Biol. 135:1195–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlis, S., S. Keezer, J.-R. Wu, and D. M. Gilbert. 1996. Chromosome architecture can dictate site-specific initiation of DNA replication in Xeno-pus egg extracts. J. Cell Biol. 135:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leno, G. H., C. S. Downes, and R. A. Laskey. 1992. The nuclear membrane prevents replication of human G2 nuclei but not G1 nuclei in Xenopus egg extract. Cell 69:151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leno, G. H., and R. Munshi. 1994. Initiation of DNA replication in nuclei from quiescent cells requires permeabilization of the nuclear membrane. J. Cell Biol. 127:5–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludlow, J., C. Glendening, D. Livingston, and J. DeCaprio. 1993. Specific enzymatic dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madine, M. A., C.-Y. Khoo, A. D. Mills, and R. A. Laskey. 1995. MCM3 complex required for cell cycle regulation of DNA replication in vertebrate cells. Nature 375:421–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metheny, L., D. Nelson, and J. Ludlow. 1995. Effect of the kinase inhibitor 2-aminopurine on the cell cycle stage-dependent phosphorylation state of the retinoblastoma protein. Exp. Cell Res. 218:151–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pardee, A. 1989. G1 events and the regulation of cell proliferation. Science 246:603–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardee, A. 1974. A restriction point for control of normal animal cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1286–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowles, A., J. Chong, L. Brown, M. Howell, G. Evan, and J. Blow. 1996. Interaction between the origin recognition complex and the replication licensing system in Xenopus. Cell 87:287–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temin, H. 1971. Stimulation byserum of multiplicationof stationarychicken cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 78:161–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R. 1996. E2F and cell proliferation: a world turned upsidedown. Cell 85:457–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, J., P. Held, S. Illenye, and N. Heintz. 1996. Protein-DNA interactions at the major and minor promoters of the divergently transcribed dhfr and rep3 genes during the Chinese hamster ovary cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:634–647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, J.-R., and D. M. Gilbert. 1996. A distinct G1 step required to specify the chinese hamster DHFR replication origin. Science 271:1270–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J.-R., and D. M. Gilbert. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Zerfass-Thome, K., A. Schulze, W. Zwerchke, B. Vogt, K. Helin, J. Bartek, B. Henglein, and P. Jansen-Durr. 1997. p27KIP1 blocks cyclin E-dependent transactivation of cyclin A gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:407–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zetterberg, A., and O. Larsson. 1991. Coordinationbetween cell growth and cell cycle transit in animal cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 56:137–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zetterberg, A., and O. Larsson. 1995. What is the restriction point? Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:835–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinn, K., A. Keller, L.-A. Whittemore, and T. Maniatis. 1988. 2-Aminopu-rine selectively inhibits the induction of β-interferon, c-fos, and c-myc gene expression. Science 240:210–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar