Transcription Factor ATF2 Cooperates with v-Jun To Promote Growth Factor-Independent Proliferation In Vitro and Tumor Formation In Vivo

REFERENCES

• Aaronson, S. A., and G. J. Todaro 1968. Basis for the acquisition of malignant potential by mouse cells cultivated in vitro. Science 162: 1024–1026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angel, P., M. Imagawa, R. Chiu, B. Stein, R. J. Imbra, H. J. Ramsdorf, P. Herrlich, and M. Karin 1987. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis-acting element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell 49: 729–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baserga, R. 1994. Oncogenes and the strategy of growth factors. Cell 79: 927–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baserga, R. 1997. The price of independence. Exp. Cell Res. 236: 1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baserga, R., A. Hongo, M. Rubini, M. Prisco, and B. Valentinis 1997. The IGF-1 receptor in cell growth, transformation, and apoptosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1332: F105–F126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbrook, D. M., and N. C. Jones 1990. Heterodimer formation between CREB and JUN proteins. Oncogene 5: 295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengal, E., L. Ransome, R. Scharfmann, V. J. Dwarki, S. J. Tapscott, H. Weintraub, and I. M. Verma 1992. Functional antagonism between c-Jun and MyoD proteins: a direct physical association. Cell 68: 507–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin, T., and P. K. Vogt 1990. Cell transformation by viruses, p. 317–367. Fields virology. In: Fields, B. N., et al. Raven Press, New York, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Bos, T. J., F. S. Monteclaro, F. Mitsunobu, A. R. Ball, C. H. W. Chang, T. Nishimura, and P. K. Vogt 1990. Efficient transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts by c-Jun requires structural modification in coding and non-coding sequences. Genes Dev. 4: 1677–1687.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bossy-Wetzel, E., L. Bakiri, and M. Yaniv 1997. Induction of apoptosis by the transcription factor c-Jun. EMBO J. 16: 1695–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buratowski, S., S. Hahn, L. Guarente, and P. A. Sharp 1989. Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell 56: 549–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellazzi, M., J. P. Dangy, F. Mechta, S. I. Hirai, M. Yaniv, J. Samarut, A. Lassailly, and G. Brun 1990. Overexpression of avian or mouse c-jun in primary chick embryo fibroblasts confers a partially transformed phenotype. Oncogene 5: 1541–1547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavalieri, F., T. Ruscio, R. Tinoco, S. Benedict, C. Davis, and P. K. Vogt 1985. Isolation of three new avian sarcoma viruses: ASV 9, ASV 17, and ASV 25. Virology 143: 680–683.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devary, Y., R. A. Gottlieb, T. Smeal, and M. Karin 1992. The mammalian ultraviolet response is triggered by activation of Src tyrosine kinases. Cell 71: 1081–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint, K. J., and N. C. Jones 1991. Differential regulation of three members of the ATF/CREB family of DNA-binding proteins. Oncogene 6: 2019–2026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frisch, S. M., R. Reich, I. E. Collier, L. T. Genrich, G. Martin, and G. I. Goldberg 1990. Adenovirus E1A represses protease gene expression and inhibits metastasis of human tumor cells. Oncogene 5: 75–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia, M., and J. Samarut 1990. Cooperation of v-jun and v-erbB oncogenes in embryo fibroblast transformation in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 64: 4684–4690.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glover, J. N. M., and S. C. Harrison 1995. Crystal structure of the heterodimeric bZIP transcription factor c-Fos–c-Jun bound to DNA. Nature 373: 257–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J. G., G. Chandra, W. C. Clay, S. W. Stinnett, S. A. Haneline, J. J. Lorenz, I. R. Patel, G. B. Wisely, P. J. Furdon, J. D. Taylor, and T. A. Kost 1993. A CRE/ATF-like site in the upstream regulatory sequence of the human interleukin 1β gene is necessary for induction in U937 and THP-1 monocytic cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6678–6689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta, S., D. Campbell, B. Dérijard, and R. J. Davis 1995. Transcription factor ATF2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 267: 389–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagmeyer, B. M., H. Konig, I. Herr, R. Offringa, A. Zantema, A. van der Eb, P. Herrlich, and P. Angel 1993. Adenovirus E1A negatively and positively modulates transcription of AP-1 dependent genes by dimer-specific regulation of the DNA binding and transactivation activities of Jun. EMBO J. 12: 3559–3572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hai, T., and T. Curran 1991. Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3720–3724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham, J., C. Babij, J. Whitfield, C. M. Pfarr, D. Lallemand, M. Yaniv, and L. L. Rubin 1995. A c-Jun dominant negative mutant protects sympathetic neurons against programmed death. Neuron 14: 927–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl, M., and P. K. Vogt 1992. Oncogenic transformation by Jun: role of transactivation and homodimerization. Cell Growth Differ. 3: 899–908.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Havarstein, L. S., I. M. Morgan, W. Y. Wong, and P. K. Vogt 1992. Mutations in the Jun-δ region suggest an inverse correlation between transformation and transcriptional activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 618–622.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hennigan, R., K. Hawker, and B. Ozanne 1994. Fos transformation activates genes associated with invasion. Oncogene 9: 3591–3600.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hilberg, F., A. Aguzzi, N. Howells, and E. F. Wagner 1993. c-jun is essential for normal mouse development and hepatogenesis. Nature 365: 179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann, M., W. Rudy, U. Günthert, S. G. Zimmer, V. Zawadzki, M. Zoller, R. B. Lichtner, P. Herrlich, and H. Ponta 1993. A link between ras and metastatic behavior of tumor cells: ras induces CD44 promoter activity and leads to low-level expression of metastasis-specific variants of CD44 in CREF cells. Cancer Res. 53: 1516–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, E., E. Mueller, S. Oliviero, V. Papaioannou, R. Johnson, and B. Spiegelman 1994. Targeted disruption of the c-fos gene demonstrates c-fos-dependent and -independent pathways for gene expression stimulated by growth factors or oncogenes. EMBO J. 13: 3094–3103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes, S. H., J. J. Greenhouse, C. J. Petropoulos, and P. Sutrave 1987. Adaptor plasmids simplify the insertion of foreign DNA into helper-independent retroviral vectors. J. Virol. 61: 3004–3012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huguier, S., and M. Castellazzi. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Hurst, H. C. 1995. Transcription factors. 1. bZIP proteins. Protein Profile 2: 101–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivashkiv, L. B., H.-C. Liou, C. J. Kara, W. W. Lamph, I. M. Verma, and L. H. Glimcher 1990. mXBP/CRE-BP2 and c-Jun form a complex which binds to the cyclic AMP, but not to the 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, response element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 1609–1621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson, R. S., B. van Lingen, V. E. Papaioannou, and B. M. Spiegelman 1993. A null mutation at the c-jun locus causes embryonic lethality and retarded cell growth in culture. Genes Dev. 7: 1309–1317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonat, C., H. J. Rahmsdorf, K. Park, A. C. B. Cato, S. Gebel, H. Ponta, and P. Herrlich 1990. Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone. Cell 62: 1189–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jove, R., and H. Hanafusa 1987. Cell transformation by the viral src oncogene. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 3: 31–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jurdic, P., I. Treilleux, L. Vandel, E. Tabone, S. Huguier, A. Sergeant, and M. Castellazzi 1995. Tumor induction by v-Jun homodimers in chickens. Oncogene 11: 1699–1709.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kageyama, R., Y. Sasai, and S. Nakanishi 1991. Molecular characterization of transcription factors that bind to the cAMP responsive region of the substance P precursor gene. cDNA cloning of a novel C/EBP-related factor. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 15525–15531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karin, M., Z.-G. Liu, and E. Zandi 1997. AP1 function and regulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9: 240–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai, S., and M. Nishizawa 1984. New procedure for DNA transfection with polycation and dimethyl sulfoxide. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4: 1172–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, R. F., R. F. Hennigan, K. Turnbull, K. D. Katsanakis, E. D. MacKenzie, G. D. Birnie, and B. W. Ozanne 1997. AP-1-mediated invasion requires increased expression of the hyaluronan receptor CD44. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 963–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X.-Y., and M. R. Green 1996. Intramolecular inhibition of activating transcription factor-2 function by its DNA-binding domain. Genes Dev. 10: 517–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., and M. R. Green 1994. Promoter targeting by adenovirus E1a through interaction with different cellular DNA-binding domains. Nature 368: 520–525.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, F., and M. R. Green 1990. A specific member of the ATF transcription factor family can mediate transcription activation by the adenovirus E1a protein. Cell 61: 1217–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, C., G. Patel, and N. Jones 1995. ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain. EMBO J. 14: 1785–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maekawa, T., H. Sakura, C. Kanei-Ishii, T. Sudo, T. Yoshimura, J. Fujisawa, M. Yoshida, and S. Ishii 1989. Leucine zipper structure of the protein CRE-BP1 binding to the cyclic AMP response element in brain. EMBO J. 8: 2023–2028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mölders, H., T. Jenuwein, J. Adamkiewicz, and R. Müller 1987. Isolation and structural analysis of a biologically active chicken c-fos cDNA: identification of evolutionarily conserved domains in Fos protein. Oncogene 1: 377–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morishita, K., D. E. Johnson, and L. T. Williams 1995. A novel promoter for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (flt-1) that confers endothelial-specific gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 27948–27953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, C. L., A. B. Deisseroth, and G. Lopez-Berestein 1994. Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-α gene. J. Leukoc. Biol. 56: 27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offringa, R., S. Gebel, H. van Dam, M. Timmers, A. Smits, R. Zwart, B. Stein, J. L. Bos, A. van der Eb, and P. Herrlich 1990. A novel function of the transforming domain of E1a: repression of AP-1 activity. Cell 62: 527–538.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orlandini, M., L. Marconcini, R. Ferruzzi, and S. Oliviero 1996. Identification of a c-fos-induced gene that is related to the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 11675–11680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Shea, E. K., R. Rutkowski, and P. S. Kim 1992. Mechanism of specificity in the Fos-Jun oncoprotein heterodimer. Cell 68: 699–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzatti, R., R. Muschel, J. Williams, R. Padmanabhan, B. Howard, L. Liotta, and G. Khoury 1986. Primary rat embryo cells transformed by one or two oncogenes show different metastatic potentials. Science 232: 223–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimold, A. M., J. M. Grusby, B. Kosaras, W. U. Fries, R. Mori, T. Collins, R. Sidman, M. J. Glimcher, and L. H. Glimcher 1996. Chondroplasia and neuroplasia abnormalities in ATF2-deficient mice. Nature 379: 262–265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson, M. J., and M. H. Cobb 1997. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9: 180–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, M., B. Baumann, M. Cotten, P. Angel, and E. F. Wagner 1995. Fos is an essential component of the mammalian UV response. EMBO J. 14: 5338–5349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrier, P. I., R. Bernards, R. T. Vaessen, A. Houweling, and A. J. van der Eb 1983. Expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens switched off by highly oncogenic adenovirus 12 in transformed rat cells. Nature 305: 771–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schütte, J., J. Minna, and M. Birrer 1989. Deregulated expression of human c-jun transforms primary rat embryo cells in cooperation with an activated c-Ha-ras gene and transforms rat-1 cells as a single gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2257–2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuur, E. R., E. J. Parker, and P. K. Vogt 1993. Chimeras of herpes simplex viral VP16 and Jun are oncogenic. Cell Growth Differ. 4: 761–768.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimizu, M., Y. Nomura, H. Suzuki, E. Ichikawa, A. Takeuchi, M. Suzuki, T. Nakamura, T. Nakajima, and K. Oda 1998. Activation of the rat cyclin A promoter by ATF2 and Jun family members and its suppression by ATF4. Exp. Cell Res. 239: 93–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smeal, T., P. Angel, J. Meek, and M. Karin 1989. Different requirements for formation of Jun:Jun and Jun:Fos complexes. Genes Dev. 3: 2091–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda, J., T. Maekawa, T. Sudo, Y. Seino, H. Imura, N. Saito, C. Tanaka, and S. Ishii 1991. Expression of CRE-BP1 transcriptional regulator binding to the cyclic AMP response element in central nervous system, regenerating liver and human tumors. Oncogene 6: 1009–1014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timmers, H. T., E. J. van Zoelen, J. L. Bos, and A. J. van der Eb 1988. Cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 but not by adenovirus type 5 are dependent on insulin or insulin-like growth factor I for their proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 1329–1335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Dam, H., M. Duyndam, R. Rottier, A. Bosch, L. Devriessmits, P. Herrlich, A. Zantema, P. Angel, and A. J. van der Eb 1993. Heterodimer formation of c-Jun and ATF-2 is responsible for induction of c-jun by the 243-amino acid adenovirus E1A protein. EMBO J. 12: 479–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dam, H., S. Huguier, K. Kooistra, J. Baguet, E. Vial, A. van der Eb, P. Herrlich, P. Angel, and M. Castellazzi 1998. Autocrine growth and anchorage independence, two complementing Jun-controlled genetic programmes of cellular transformation of chick embryo fibroblasts. Genes Dev. 12: 1127–1239.
   Google Scholar
• van Dam, H., R. Offringa, I. Meijer, B. Stein, A. M. Smits, P. Herrlich, J. L. Bos, and A. J. van der Eb 1990. Differential effects of the adenovirus E1A oncogene on members of the AP-1 transcription factor family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 5857–5864.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Dam, H., D. Wilhelm, I. Herr, A. Steffen, P. Herrlich, and P. Angel 1995. ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents. EMBO J. 14: 1798–1811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Eb, A. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Villarreal, X. C., and J. D. Richter 1995. Analysis of ATF2 gene expression during early Xenopus laevis development. Gene 153: 225–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogt, P. K. 1994. The Fos and Jun families of transcription factors 203–219CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, W. Y., L. S. Havarstein, I. M. Morgan, and P. K. Vogt 1992. c-Jun causes focus formation and anchorage-independent growth in culture but is non-tumorigenic in vivo. Oncogene 7: 2077–2080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar