Tumor Suppressor p53 Can Participate in Transcriptional Induction of the GADD45 Promoter in the Absence of Direct DNA Binding

REFERENCES

• Ahmed, M. M., S. F. Sells, K. Venkatasubbarao, S. M. Fruitwala, S. Muthukkumar, C. Harp, M. Mohiuddin, and V. M. Rangnekar 1997. Ionizing radiation-inducible apoptosis in the absence of p53 linked to transcription factor EGR-1. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 33056–33061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avantaggiati, M. L., V. Ogryzko, K. Gardner, A. Giordano, A. S. Levine, and K. Kelly 1997. Recruitment of p300/CBP in p53-dependent signal pathways. Cell 89: 1175–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckler, A. J., J. Pelletier, D. A. Haber, T. Glaser, and D. E. Housman 1991. Isolation, characterization, and expression of the murine Wilms’ tumor gene (WT1) during kidney development. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 1707–1712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta, R., N. Taneja, V. P. Sukhatme, S. A. Qureshi, R. Weichselbaum, and D. W. Kufe 1993. Reactive oxygen intermediates target CC(A/T)6GG sequences to mediate activation of the early growth response 1 transcription factor gene by ionizing radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 2419–2422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, M. L., T. J. Fahrner, S. Aykent, and J. Milbrandt 1990. The zinc finger protein NGFI-A exists in both nuclear and cytoplasmic forms in nerve growth factor-stimulated PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 15253–15260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dey, B. R., V. P. Sukhatme, A. B. Roberts, M. B. Sporn, Rauscher F. J., III, and S. J. Kim 1994. Repression of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene by the Wilms’ tumor suppressor WT1 gene product. Mol. Endocrinol. 8: 595–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, I. A., S. L. Madden, P. Rohwer-Nutter, G. I. Bell, V. P. Sukhatme, and F. J. D. Rauscher 1992. Repression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene by the Wilms tumor suppressor WT1. Science 257: 674–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englert, C., X. Hou, S. Maheswaran, P. Bennett, C. Ngwu, G. G. Re, A. J. Garvin, M. R. Rosner, and D. A. Haber 1995. WT1 suppresses synthesis of the epidermal growth factor receptor and induces apoptosis. EMBO J. 14: 4662–4675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englert, C., M. Vidal, S. Maheswaran, Y. Ge, R. M. Ezzell, K. J. Isselbacher, and D. A. Haber 1995. Truncated WT1 mutants alter the subnuclear localization of the wild-type protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 11960–11964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, S., M. L. Smith, Rivet D. J., II, D. Duba, Q. Zhan, K. W. Kohn, Fornace A. J., Jr., and P. M. O’Connor 1995. Disruption of p53 function sensitizes breast cancer MCF-7 cells to cisplatin and pentoxifylline. Cancer Res. 55: 1649–1654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornace, A. J.Jr., I. J. Alamo, and M. C. Hollander 1988. DNA damage-inducible transcripts in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8800–8804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornace, A. J.Jr., D. W. Nebert, M. C. Hollander, J. D. Luethy, M. Papathanasiou, J. Fargnoli, and N. J. Holbrook 1989. Mammalian genes coordinately regulated by growth arrest signals and DNA-damaging agents. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4196–4203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyer, P., M. Dehbi, E. Torban, W. Bruening, and J. Pelletier 1995. Repression of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha gene by the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene product, wt1. Oncogene 10: 1125–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, W., X. L. Shi, and R. G. Roeder 1997. Synergistic activation of transcription by CBP and p53. Nature 387: 819–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujuluva, C. N., J. H. Baek, K. H. Shin, H. M. Cherrick, and N. H. Park 1994. Effect of UV-irradiation on cell cycle, viability and the expression of p53, gadd153 and gadd45 genes in normal and HPV-immortalized human oral keratinocytes. Oncogene 9: 1819–1827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber, D. A. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Haber, D. A., S. Park, S. Maheswaran, C. Englert, G. G. Re, D. J. Hazen-Martin, D. A. Sens, and A. J. Garvin 1993. WT1-mediated growth suppression of Wilms tumor cells expressing a WT1 splicing variant. Science 262: 2057–2059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haber, D. A., R. L. Sohn, A. J. Buckler, J. Pelletier, K. M. Call, and D. E. Housman 1991. Alternative splicing and genomic structure of the Wilms tumor gene WT1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 9618–9622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallahan, D. E., V. P. Sukhatme, M. L. Sherman, S. Virudachalam, D. Kufe, and R. R. Weichselbaum 1991. Protein kinase C mediates x-ray inducibility of nuclear signal transducers EGR1 and JUN. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 2156–2160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, M. A., B. Konicek, A. Song, X. L. Xia, W. J. Fredericks, and F. J. Rauscher 1993. Inhibition of colony-stimulating factor-1 promoter activity by the product of the Wilms’ tumor locus. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 21271–21275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, S. M., S. Hamada, T. J. McDonnell, Rauscher F. J., III, and G. F. Saunders 1995. Regulation of the proto-oncogenes bcl-2 and c-myc by the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene WT1. Cancer Res. 55: 5386–5389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrook, N. J., Fornace, A. J.Jr. 1991. Response to adversity: molecular control of gene activation following genotoxic stress. New Biol. 3: 825–833.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollander, M. C., I. Alamo, J. Jackman, O. W. McBride, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1993. Sequence conservation and DNA damage-responsiveness of the mammalian gadd45 gene. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 24385–24393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander, M. C., Fornace, A. J.Jr. 1989. Induction of fos RNA by DNA-damaging agents. Cancer Res. 49: 1687–1692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, R. P., and E. D. Adamson 1995. A biological role for Egr-1 in cell survival following ultra-violet irradiation. Oncogene 10: 467–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnstone, R. W., R. H. See, S. F. Sells, J. Wang, S. Muthukkumar, C. Englert, D. A. Haber, J. D. Licht, S. P. Sugrue, T. Roberts, V. M. Rangnekar, and Y. Shi 1996. A novel repressor, par-4, modulates transcription and growth suppression functions of the Wilms’ tumor suppressor WT1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 6945–6956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, K. A., K. R. Yamamoto, and R. Tjan 1985. Two distinct transcription factors bind to the HSV thymidine kinase promoter in vitro. Cell 42: 559–572.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kastan, M. B., Q. Zhan, W. S. El-Deiry, F. Carrier, T. Jacks, W. V. Walsh, B. S. Plunkett, B. Vogelstein, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1992. A mammalian cell cycle checkpoint utilizing p53 and GADD45 is defective in ataxia telangiectasia. Cell 71: 587–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kedar, P. S., S. G. Widen, E. W. Englander, Fornace A. J., Jr., and S. H. Wilson 1991. The ATF/CREB transcription factor-binding site in the polymerase beta promoter mediates the positive effect of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3729–3733.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessis, T. D., R. J. Slebos, W. G. Nelson, M. B. Kastan, B. S. Plunkett, S. M. Han, A. T. Lorincz, L. Hedrick, and K. R. Cho 1993. Human papillomavirus 16 E6 expression disrupts the p53 mediated cellular response to DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 3988–3992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khachigian, L. M., V. Lindner, A. J. Williams, and T. Collins 1996. Egr-1-induced endothelial gene expression: a common theme in vascular injury. Science 271: 1427–1431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ko, L. J., and C. Prives 1996. p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev. 10: 1054–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudoh, T., T. Ishidate, M. Moriyama, K. Toyoshima, and T. Akiyama 1995. G1 phase arrest induced by Wilms tumor protein WT1 is abrogated by cyclin/CDK complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4517–4521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lill, N. L., S. R. Grossman, D. Ginsberg, J. DeCaprio, and D. M. Livingston 1997. Binding and modulation of p53 by p300/CBP coactivators. Nature 387: 823–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luethy, J. D., J. Fargnoli, J. S. Park, Fornace A. J., Jr., and N. J. Holbrook 1990. Isolation and characterization of the hamster gadd153 gene. Activation of promoter activity by agents that damage DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 16521–16526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, S. L., D. M. Cook, J. F. Morris, A. Gashler, V. P. Sukhatme, Rauscher F. J., III. 1991. Transcriptional repression mediated by the WT1 Wilms tumor gene product. Science 253: 1550–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheswaran, S., S. Park, A. Bernard, J. F. Morris, F. J. D. Rauscher, D. E. Hill, and D. A. Haber 1993. Physical and functional interaction between WT1 and p53 proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5100–5104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. F., S. L. Madden, O. E. Tournay, D. M. Cook, V. P. Sukhatme, Rauscher F. J., III. 1991. Characterization of the zinc finger protein encoded by the WT1 Wilms’ tumor locus. Oncogene 6: 2339–2348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, M., A. Hinman, and A. J. Levine 1996. Wild-type p53 negatively regulates the expression of a microtubule-associated protein. Genes Dev. 10: 2971–2980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzio, M., A. M. Chinnaiyan, F. C. Kischkel, K. O’Rourke, A. Shevchenko, J. Ni, C. Scaffidi, J. D. Bretz, M. Zhang, R. Gentz, M. Mann, P. H. Krammer, M. E. Peter, and V. M. Dixit 1996. FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85: 817–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagama, H., G. Heinrich, J. Pelletier, and D. E. Housman 1995. Sequence and structural requirements for high-affinity DNA binding by the WT1 gene product. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1489–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, W. G., and M. B. Kastan 1994. DNA strand breaks: the DNA template alterations that trigger p53-dependent DNA damage response pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1815–1823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, P. M., J. Jackman, I. Bae, T. G. Myers, S. Fan, M. Mutoh, D. Scudiero, A. Monks, E. A. Sausville, J. N. Weinstein, S. Friend, Fornace A. J., Jr., and K. W. Kohn 1997. Characterization of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway in cell lines of the NCI anticancer drug screen and correlations with the growth inhibitory potency of 123 anticancer agents. Cancer Res. 57: 4285–4300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., A. Bernard, K. E. Bove, D. A. Sens, D. J. Hazen-Martin, A. J. Garvin, and D. A. Haber 1993. Inactivation of WT1 in nephrogenic rests, genetic precursors to Wilms’ tumour. Nat. Genet. 5: 363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietenpol, J. A., T. Tokino, S. Thiagalingam, W. S. el-Deiry, K. W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein 1994. Sequence-specific transcriptional activation is essential for growth suppression by p53. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1998–2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhakar, N. R., B. C. Shenoy, M. S. Simonson, and N. S. Cherniack 1995. Cell selective induction and transcriptional activation of immediate early genes by hypoxia. Brain Res. 697: 266–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauscher, F. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Rauscher, F. J.III, J. F. Morris, O. E. Tournay, D. M. Cook, and T. Curran 1990. Binding of the Wilms’ tumor locus zinc finger protein to the EGR-1 consensus sequence. Science 250: 1259–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, L. M., T. K. Kerppola, M. Vendrell, D. Luk, R. J. Smeyne, C. Bocchiaro, J. I. Morgan, and T. Curran 1995. Regulation of c-fos expression in transgenic mice requires multiple interdependent transcription control elements. Neuron 14: 241–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiestl, R. H., F. Khogali, and N. Carls 1994. Reversion of the mouse pink-eyed unstable mutation induced by low doses of x-rays. Science 266: 1573–1576.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiao, R. T., L. Miglietta, S. Y. Khera, A. Wolfson, and C. E. Freter 1995. Dexamethasone and suramin inhibit cell proliferation and interleukin-6-mediated immunoglobulin secretion in human lymphoid and multiple myeloma cell lines. Leuk. Lymphoma 17: 485–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. L., I. Chen, Q. Zhan, I. Bae, C. Chen, T. Gilmer, M. B. Kastan, P. M. O’Connor, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1994. Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Science 266: 1376–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. L., I. T. Chen, Q. Zhan, P. M. O’Connor, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1995. Involvement of the p53 tumor suppressor in repair of UV-type DNA damage. Oncogene 10: 1053–1059.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, M. L., H. U. Kontny, Q. Zhan, A. Sreenath, P. M. O’Connor, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1996. Antisense GADD45 expression results in decreased DNA repair and sensitizes cells to UV-irradiation or cisplatin. Oncogene 13: 2255–2263.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokino, T., S. Thiagalingam, W. S. el-Deiry, T. Waldman, K. W. Kinzler, and B. Vogelstein 1994. p53 tagged sites from human genomic DNA. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 1537–1542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, X. W., et al. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z. Y., Q. Q. Qiu, M. Gurrieri, J. Huang, and T. F. Deuel 1995. WT1, the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene product, represses transcription through an interactive nuclear protein. Oncogene 10: 1243–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z. Y., Q. Q. Qiu, J. Huang, M. Gurrieri, and T. F. Deuel 1995. Products of alternatively spliced transcripts of the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene, wt1, have altered DNA binding specificity and regulate transcription in different ways. Oncogene 10: 415–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, H., Z. Shen-Orr, Rauscher F. J., III, J. F. Morris, Roberts C. T., Jr., and D. LeRoith 1995. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by the Wilms’ tumor suppressor WT1 is associated with suppression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 3516–3522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan, Q., et al. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Zhan, Q., I. Bae, M. B. Kastan, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1994. The p53-dependent γ-ray response of GADD45. Cancer Res. 54: 2755–2760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan, Q., F. Carrier, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1993. Induction of cellular p53 activity by DNA-damaging agents and growth arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 4242–4250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan, Q., S. Fan, M. L. Smith, I. Bae, K. Yu, Alamo I., Jr., P. M. O’Connor, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1996. Abrogation of p53 function affects the response of gadd genes to DNA base damaging agents and medium starvation. DNA Cell Biol. 15: 805–815.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhan, Q., K. A. Lord, Alamo I., Jr., M. C. Hollander, F. Carrier, D. Ron, K. W. Kohn, B. Hoffman, D. A. Liebermann, Fornace A. J., Jr. 1994. The gadd and MyD genes define a novel set of mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins that synergistically suppress cell growth. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 2361–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar