REFERENCES
- Bradley, A., M. Evans, M. H. Kaufman, and E. Robertson 1984. Formation of germ-line chimeras from embryo derived teratocarcinoma cell lines. Nature 309: 255–256.
- DeGregori, J., A. Russ, H. von Melchner, H. Rayburn, P. Priyaranjan, N. A. Jenkins, N. G. Copeland, and H. E. Ruley 1994. A murine homolog of the yeast RNA1 gene is required for postimplantation development. Genes Dev. 8: 265–276.
- Dirks, W., M. Wirth, and H. Hauser 1993. Dicistronic transcription units for gene expression in mammalian cells. Gene 128: 247–249.
- Doye, V., O. Kellermann, M. H. Buc-Caron, and A. Sobel 1992. High expression of stathmin in multipotential teratocarcinoma and normal embryonic cells versus their early differentiated derivatives. Differentiation 50: 89–96.
- Doye, V., F. Soubrier, G. Bauw, M. C. Boutterin, L. Beretta, J. Koppel, J. Vandekerckhove, and A. Sobel 1989. A single cDNA encodes two isoforms of stathmin, a developmentally regulated neuron-enriched phosphoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 12134–12137.
- Forrester, L., A. Nagy, M. Sam, A. Watt, L. Stevenson, A. Bernstein, A. Joyner, and W. Wurst 1996. An induction gene trap screen in embryonic stem cells: identification of genes that respond to retinoic acid in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 1677–1682.
- Friedrich, G., and P. Soriano 1991. Promoter traps in embryonic stem cells: a genetic screen to identify and mutate developmental genes in mice. Genes Dev. 5: 1513–1523.
- Frohman, M. A., M. K. Dush, and G. R. Martin 1988. Rapid production of full-length cDNAs from rare transcripts: amplification using a single gene-specific oligonucleotide primer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8998–9002.
- Gossler, A., and J. Zachgo 1993. Gene and enhancer trap screens in ES cell chimeras Gene targeting: a practical approach. In: Joyner, A. L.181–227IRL Press at Oxford University, Oxford, England.
- Gu, H., Y. Zou, and K. Rajewsky 1993. Independent control of immunoglobulin switch recombination at individual switch regions evidenced through Cre-IoxP-mediated gene targeting. Cell 73: 1155–1164.
- Herrmann, B. G., S. Labeit, A. Poustka, T. R. King, and H. Lehrach 1990. Cloning of the T gene required in mesoderm formation in the mouse. Nature 343: 617–622.
- Hicks, G. G., E. Shi, X. M. Li, C. H. Li, M. Pawlak, and H. E. Ruley 1997. Functional genomics in mice by tagged sequence mutagenesis. Nat. Genet. 16: 338–344.
- Hill, D. H. P., and W. Wurst 1993. Mutagenic strategies to dissect mammalian development. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 28: 181–206.
- Hill, D. H. P., and W. Wurst 1993. Screening for pattern formation in mouse using gene trap technology. Methods Enzymol. 255: 663–681.
- Hooper, M., K. Hardy, A. Handyside, S. Hunter, and M. Monk 1987. HPRT-deficient (Lesch-Nyhan) mouse embryos derived from germline colonization by cultured cells. Nature 326: 292–295.
- Lazik, A., Y. Liu, P. Bringas, F. Sangiorgi, and R. Maxson 1996. A sensitive method for analyzing b-galactosidase reporter gene expression in tissue sections of mouse embryos. Trends Genet. 12: 445–446.
- Marklund, U., Ö. Osterman, H. Melander, A. Bergh, and M. Gullberg 1994. The phenotype of a “Cdc2 kinase target site-deficient” mutant of oncoprotein 18 reveals a role of this protein in cell cycle control. J. Biol. Chem. 48: 30626–30635.
- Muthuchamy, M., L. Pajak, P. Howles, T. Doetschman, and D. Wieczorek 1993. Developmental analysis of tropomyosin gene expression in embryonic stem cells and mouse embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 3311–3323.
- Neznanov, N., I. S. Thorey, G. Ceceña, and R. G. Oshima 1993. Transcriptional insulation of the human keratin 18 gene in transgenic mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 2214–2223.
- Reddy, S., H. Rayburn, H. von Melchner, and H. E. Ruley 1992. Fluorescence activated sorting of totipotent embryonic stem cells expressing developmentally regulated lacZ fusion genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 6721–6725.
- Robertson, E., A. Bradley, M. Kuehn, and M. Evans 1986. Germ-line transmission of genes introduced into cultured pluripotential cells by retroviral vector. Nature 323: 445–448.
- Rogers, M. B., B. A. Hosler, and L. J. Gudas 1991. Specific expression of a retinoic acid-regulated, zinc-finger gene, Rex-1, in preimplantation embryos, trophoblasts and spermatocytes. Development 113: 815–824.
- Rowlands, D. C., A. Williams, N. A. Jones, S. S. Guest, G. M. Reynolds, P. C. Barber, and G. Brow 1995. Stathmin expression is a feature of proliferating cells of most, if not all, cell lineages. Lab. Investig. 72: 100–113.
- Russ, A. P., C. Friedel, K. Ballas, U. Kalina, D. Zahn, K. Strebhardt, and H. von Melchner 1996. Identification of genes induced by factor deprivation in hematopoietic cells undergoing apoptosis using gene-trap mutagenesis and site-specific recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 15279–15284.
- Sauer, B. 1987. Functional expression of the cre-lox site-specific recombination system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 2087–2096.
- Sauer, B., and N. Henderson 1988. Site-specific recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre recombinase of bacteriophage P1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5166–5170.
- Scherer, C. A., J. Chen, A. Nachabeh, N. Hopkins, and H. E. Ruley 1996. Transcriptional specificity of the pluripotent embryonic stem cell. Cell Growth Differ. 7: 1393–1401.
- Schmitt, R. M., E. Bruyns, and H. R. Snodgrass 1991. Hematopoietic development of embryonic stem cells in vitro: cytokine and receptor gene expression. Genes Dev. 5: 728–740.
- Schwenk, F., U. Baron, and K. Rajewsky 1995. A cre-transgenic mouse strain for the ubiquitous deletion of loxP-flanked gene segments including deletion in germ cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 5080–5081.
- Sharpe, N. G., D. G. Williams, and D. S. Latchman 1990. Regulated expression of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmN in embryonic stem cell differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6817–6820.
- Skarnes, W., J. Moss, S. Hurtley, and R. Beddington 1995. Capturing genes encoding membrane and secreted proteins important for mouse development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 6592–6596.
- Skarnes, W. C., B. A. Auerbach, and A. L. Joyner 1992. A gene trap approach in mouse embryonic stem cells: the lacZ reporter is activated by splicing, reflects endogenous gene expression, and is mutagenic in mice. Genes Dev. 6: 903–918.
- Smith, J. C., B. M. J. Price, J. B. A. Green, D. Weigel, and B. G. Herrmann 1991. Expression of a Xenopus homolog of brachyury (T) is an immediate-early response to mesoderm induction. Cell 67: 79–87.
- Stewart, F. Personal communication.
- Thompson, S., A. R. Clarke, A. M. Pow, M. L. Hooper, and D. W. Melton 1989. Germ line transmission and expression of a corrected HPRT gene produced by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Cell 56: 313–321.
- von Melchner, H., J. V. DeGregori, H. Rayburn, S. Reddy, C. Friedel, and H. E. Ruley 1992. Selective disruption of genes expressed in totipotent embryonal stem cells. Genes Dev. 6: 919–927.
- von Melchner, H., S. Reddy, and H. E. Ruley 1990. Isolation of cellular promoters by using a retrovirus promoter trap. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3733–3737.
- von Melchner, H., and H. E. Ruley 1995. Functional analysis of the mammalian genome by gene entrapment Functional analysis of the human genome. In: Farzane, F., and D. N. Cooper109–129Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, England.
- von Melchner, H., and H. E. Ruley 1989. Identification of cellular promoters by using a retrovirus promoter trap. J. Virol. 63: 3227–3233.
- Wurst, W., J. Rossant, V. Prideaux, M. Konacka, A. L. Joyner, F. Guillemont, S. Gasca, A. Auerbach, and S. L. Ang 1995. Genetic screen for novel pattern formation genes in mouse using gene trap approaches in ES cells. Genetics 139: 889–899.