c-Myc Target Genes Involved in Cell Growth, Apoptosis, and Metabolism

REFERENCES

• Adams, J. M., and J. Cory 1991. Transgenic models of tumor development. Science 254:1161–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afar, D. E., A. Goga, J. McLaughlin, O. N. Witte, and J. Sawyers 1994. Differential complementation of Bcr-Abl point mutants with c-Myc. Science 264:424–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albarosa, R., S. DiDonato, and J. Finocchiaro 1995. Redefinition of the coding sequence of the MXI1 gene and identification of a polymorphic repeat in the 3′ non-coding region that allows the detection of loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 10q25 in glioblastomas. Hum. Genet. 95:709–711.
   Google Scholar
• Alland, L., R. Muhle, H. Hou Jr., J. Potes, L. Chin, N. Schreiber-Agus, and J. DePinho 1997. Role for N-CoR and histone deacetylase in Sin3-mediated transcriptional repression. Nature 387:49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amati, B., K. Alevizopoulos, and J. Vlach 1998. Myc and the cell cycle. Front. Biosci. 3:D250–D268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amati, B., S. Dalton, M. W. Brooks, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan, and J. Land 1992. Transcriptional activation by the human c-Myc oncoprotein in yeast requires interaction with Max. Nature 359:423–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, C., A. J. Wagner, and J. Hay 1993. Sequence-specific transcriptional activation by Myc and repression by Max. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:383–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askew, D. S., R. A. Ashmun, B. C. Simmons, and J. Cleveland 1991. Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 6:1915–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augenlicht, L. H., S. Wadler, G. Corner, C. Richards, L. Ryan, A. S. Multani, S. Pathak, A. Benson, D. Haller, and J. Heerdt 1997. Low-level c-myc amplification in human colonic carcinoma cell lines and tumors: a frequent, p53-independent mutation associated with improved outcome in a randomized multi-institutional trial. Cancer Res. 57:1769–1775.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austen, M., C. Cerni, J. M. Luscher-Firzlaff, and J. Luscher 1998. YY1 can inhibit c-Myc function through a mechanism requiring DNA binding of YY1 but neither its transactivation domain nor direct interaction with c-Myc. Oncogene 17:511–520.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayer, D. E., L. Kretzner, and J. Eisenman 1993. Mad: a heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity. Cell 72:211–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayer, D. E., Q. A. Lawrence, and J. Eisenman 1995. Mad-Max transcriptional repression is mediated by ternary complex formation with mammalian homologs of yeast repressor Sin3. Cell 80:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barone, M. V., and J. Courtneidge 1995. Myc but not Fos rescue of PDGF signalling block caused by kinase-inactive Src. Nature 378:509–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch, D., S. L. Peiffer, Z. Kaleem, S. Wells Jr., and J. Goodfellow 1996. Mxi1 tumor suppressor gene is not mutated in primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett. 102:73–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battey, J., C. Moulding, R. Taub, W. Murphy, T. Stewart, H. Potter, G. Lenoir, and J. Leder 1983. The human c-myc oncogene: structural consequences of translocation into the IgH locus in Burkitt lymphoma. Cell 34:779–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckmann, H., L. K. Su, and J. Kadesch 1990. TFE3: a helix-loop-helix protein that activates transcription through the immunoglobulin enhancer muE3 motif. Genes Dev. 4:167–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beijersbergen, R. L., E. M. Hijmans, L. Zhu, and J. Bernards 1994. Interaction of c-Myc with the pRb-related protein p107 results in inhibition of c-Myc-mediated transactivation. EMBO J. 13:4080–4086.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bello-Fernandez, C., G. Packham, and J. Cleveland 1993. The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7804–7808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benvenisty, N., A. Leder, A. Kuo, and J. Leder 1992. An embryonically expressed gene is a target for c-Myc regulation via the c-Myc-binding sequence. Genes Dev. 6:2513–2523.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berberich, S. J., and J. Cole 1992. Casein kinase II inhibits the DNA-binding activity of Max homodimers but not Myc/Max heterodimers. Genes Dev. 6:166–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, K., K. Huppi, G. Spangler, D. Siwarski, R. Iyer, and J. Magrath 1993. Point mutations in the c-Myc transactivation domain are common in Burkitt’s lymphoma and mouse plasmacytoma. Nat. Genet. 5:56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia, K., G. Spangler, G. Gaidano, N. Hamdy, R. Dalla-Favera, and J. Magrath 1994. Mutations in the coding region of c-myc occur frequently in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphomas. Blood 84:883–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, J. M. 1982. Retroviruses and cancer genes. Adv. Cancer Res. 37:1–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonette, R., F. Echeverri, A. Mahboubi, and J. Green 1992. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 359:552–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bister, K., and J. Jansen 1986. Oncogenes in retroviruses and cells: biochemistry and molecular genetics. Adv. Cancer Res. 47:99–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blackwell, T. K., J. Huang, A. Ma, L. Kretzner, F. W. Alt, R. N. Eisenman, and J. Weintraub 1993. Binding of Myc proteins to canonical and noncanonical DNA sequences. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:5216–5224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell, T. K., L. Kretzner, E. M. Blackwood, R. N. Eisenman, and J. Weintraub 1990. Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein. Science 250:1149–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwood, E. M., and J. Eisenman 1991. Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc. Science 251:1211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwood, E. M., L. Kretzner, and J. Eisenman 1992. Myc and Max function as a nucleoprotein complex. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2:227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born, T. L., J. A. Frost, A. Schönthal, G. C. Prendergast, and J. Feramisco 1994. C-Myc cooperates with activated Ras to induce the cdc2 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5710–5718.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourgeade, M. F., A. S. Defachelles, and J. Cayre 1998. Myc is essential for transformation by TEL/platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRbeta). Blood 91:3333–3339.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, K. A., and J. Hermfisse 1997. Aerobic glycolysis by proliferating cells: a protective strategy against reactive oxygen species. FASEB J. 11:388–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadigan, K. M., and J. Nusse 1997. Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development. Genes Dev. 11:3286–3305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, T. Y., C. V. Dang, and J. Hart 1995. Glycosylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4417–4421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chou, T. Y., G. W. Hart, and J. Dang 1995. c-Myc is glycosylated at threonine-58, a known phosphorylation site and a mutational hot spot in lymphomas. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18961–18965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, H. M., T. Yano, T. Otsuki, E. S. Jaffe, D. Shibata, and J. Raffeld 1994. Mutations in the coding region of c-myc in AIDS-associated and other aggressive lymphomas. Cancer Res. 54:3383–3386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, M. D. 1986. The myc oncogene: its role in transformation and differentiation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 20:361–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daksis, J. I., R. Y. Lu, L. M. Facchini, W. W. Marhin, and J. Penn 1994. Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle. Oncogene 9:3635–3645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla-Favera, R., E. P. Gelmann, S. Martinotti, G. Franchini, T. S. Papas, R. C. Gallo, and J. Wong-Staal 1982. Cloning and characterization of different human sequences related to the onc gene (v-myc) of avian myelocytomatosis virus (MC29). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:6497–6501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang, C. V. 1991. c-myc oncoprotein function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1072:103–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dang, C. V., C. Dolde, M. L. Gillison, and J. Kato 1992. Discrimination between related DNA sites by a single amino acid residue of Myc-related basic-helix-loop-helix proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:599–602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dang, C. V., L. A. Lee 1995. c-Myc function in neoplasia. R. G. Landes and Springer-Verlag, Austin, Tex.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, A. C., M. Wims, G. D. Spotts, S. R. Hann, and J. Bradley 1993. A null c-myc mutation causes lethality before 10.5 days of gestation in homozygotes and reduced fertility in heterozygous female mice. Genes Dev. 7:671–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePinho, R. A., N. Schreiber-Agus, and J. Alt 1991. myc family oncogenes in the development of normal and neoplastic cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 57:1–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Q. P., E. E. Blatter, Y. W. Ebright, K. Bister, and J. Ebright 1994. Identification of amino acid base contacts in the myc DNA complex by site-specific bromouracil mediated photocrosslinking. EMBO J. 13:200–204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eagle, L. R., X. Yin, A. R. Brothman, B. J. Williams, N. B. Atkin, and J. Prochownik 1995. Mutation of the MXI1 gene in prostate cancer. Nat. Genet. 9:249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelhoff, S., D. E. Ayer, A. S. Zervos, E. Steingrimsson, N. A. Jenkins, N. G. Copeland, R. N. Eisenman, R. Brent, and J. Disteche 1994. Mapping of two genes encoding members of a distinct subfamily of MAX interacting proteins: MAD to human chromosome 2 and mouse chromosome 6, and MXI1 to human chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 19. Oncogene 9:665–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eilers, M., S. Schirm, and J. Bishop 1991. The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene. EMBO J. 10:133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erisman, M. D., P. G. Rothberg, R. E. Diehl, C. C. Morse, J. M. Spandorfer, and J. Astrin 1985. Deregulation of c-myc gene expression in human colon carcinoma is not accompanied by amplification or rearrangement of the gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1969–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escot, C., C. Theillet, R. Lidereau, F. Spyratos, M. H. Champeme, J. Gest, and J. Callahan 1986. Genetic alteration of the c-myc protooncogene (MYC) in human primary breast carcinomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4834–4838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evan, G., and J. Littlewood 1998. A matter of life and cell death. Science 281:1317–1322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evan, G. I., and J. Littlewood 1993. The role of c-myc in cell growth. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evan, G. I., A. H. Wyllie, C. S. Gilbert, T. D. Littlewood, H. Land, M. Brooks, C. M. Waters, L. Z. Penn, and J. Hancock 1992. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69:119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facchini, L. M., and J. Penn 1998. The molecular role of Myc in growth and transformation: recent discoveries lead to new insights. FASEB J. 12:633–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanidi, A., E. A. Harrington, and J. Evan 1992. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes. Nature 359:554–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferre-D’Amare, A. R., P. Pognonec, R. G. Roeder, and J. Burley 1994. Structure and function of the b/HLH/Z domain of USF. EMBO J. 13:180–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferre-D’Amare, A. R., G. C. Prendergast, E. B. Ziff, and J. Burley 1993. Recognition by Max of its cognate DNA through a dimeric b/HLH/Z domain. Nature 363:38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth, J. D., B. L. Ebert, and J. Ratcliffe 1995. Hypoxic regulation of lactate dehydrogenase A. Interaction between hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and cAMP response elements. J. Biol. Chem. 270:21021–21027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. E., C. S. Carr, L. A. Parent, and J. Sharp 1991. TFEB has DNA-binding and oligomerization properties of a unique helix-loop-helix/leucine-zipper family. Genes Dev. 5:2342–2352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, F., P. S. Jayaraman, and J. Goding 1991. C-myc and the yeast transcription factor PHO4 share a common CACGTG-binding motif. Oncogene 6:1099–1104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flinn, E. M., C. M. C. Busch, and J. Wright 1998. myc boxes, which are conserved in myc family proteins, are signals for protein degradation via the proteasome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5961–5969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, K. P., G. A. McArthur, C. Queva, P. J. Hurlin, P. Soriano, and J. Eisenman 1998. Targeted disruption of the MYC antagonist MAD1 inhibits cell cycle exit during granulocyte differentiation. EMBO J. 17:774–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freytag, S. O. 1988. Enforced expression of the c-myc oncogene inhibits cell differentiation by precluding entry into a distinct predifferentiation state in G0/G1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:1614–1624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galaktionov, K., X. Chen, and J. Beach 1996. Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaubatz, S., F. A. Imho, R. Dosch, R. O. Werne, P. Mitchell, R. R. Buettne, and J. Eilers 1995. Transcriptional activation by Myc is under negative control by the transcription factor AP-2. EMBO J. 14:1508–1519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandori, C., and J. Eisenman 1997. Myc target genes. Trends Biochem. Sci. 22:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandori, C., J. Mac, F. Siebelt, D. E. Ayer, and J. Eisenman 1996. Myc-Max heterodimers activate a DEAD box gene and interact with multiple E box-related sites in vivo. EMBO J. 15:4344–4357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, I. C., S. M. Phillips, S. J. Lee, J. P. Neoptolemos, J. Weissenbach, and J. Spurr 1995. Loss of the chromosomal region 10q23-25 in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 55:4800–4803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregor, P. D., M. Sawadogo, and J. Roeder 1990. The adenovirus major late transcription factor USF is a member of the helix-loop-helix group of regulatory proteins and binds to DNA as a dimer. Genes Dev. 4:1730–1740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiner, E. F., M. Guppy, and J. Brand 1994. Glucose is essential for proliferation and the glycolytic enzyme induction that provokes a transition to glycolytic energy production. J. Biol. Chem. 269:31484–31490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, W., K. Bhatia, I. T. Magrath, C. V. Dang, and J. Dalla-Favera 1994. Binding and suppression of the Myc transcriptional activation domain by p107. Science 264:251–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu, W., K. Cechova, V. Tassi, and J. Dalla-Favera 1993. Opposite regulation of gene transcription and cell proliferation by c-Myc and Max. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2935–2939.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo, Q., J. Xie, C. V. Dang, E. T. Liu, and J. Bishop 1998. Identification of a large Myc-binding protein that contains RCC1-like repeats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:9172–9177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, K., P. Staller, C. Geisen, J. Bartek, M. Eilers, and J. Moroy 1997. Mutual requirement of CDK4 and Myc in malignant transformation: evidence for cyclin D1/CDK4 and p16INK4A as upstream regulators of Myc. Oncogene 15:179–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hann, S. R., M. Dixit, R. C. Sears, and J. Sealy 1994. The alternatively initiated c-Myc proteins differentially regulate transcription through a noncanonical DNA-binding site. Genes Dev. 8:2441–2452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hann, S. R., K. Sloan-Brown, and J. Spotts 1992. Translational activation of the non-AUG-initiated c-myc 1 protein at high cell densities due to methionine deprivation. Genes Dev. 6:1229–1240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanson, K. D., M. Shichiri, M. R. Follansbee, and J. Sedivy 1994. Effects of c-myc expression on cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5748–5755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, S. E., Y. Qiu, and J. Sharp 1996. Sin3 corepressor function in Myc-induced transcription and transformation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8536–8540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hateboer, G., H. T. Timmers, A. K. Rustgi, M. Billaud, L. J. van’t Veer, and J. Bernards 1993. TATA-binding protein and the retinoblastoma gene product bind to overlapping epitopes on c-Myc and adenovirus E1A protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8489–8493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He, T. C., A. B. Sparks, C. Rago, H. Hermeking, L. Zawel, L. T. da Costa, P. J. Morin, B. Vogelstein, and J. Kinzler 1998. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science 281:1509–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzel, T., R. M. Lavinsky, T. M. Mullen, M. Soderstrom, C. D. Laherty, J. Torchia, W. M. Yang, G. Brard, S. D. Ngo, J. R. Davie, E. Seto, R. N. Eisenman, D. W. Rose, C. K. Glass, and J. Rosenfeld 1997. A complex containing N-CoR, mSin3 and histone deacetylase mediates transcriptional repression. Nature 387:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson, M., and J. Luscher 1996. Proteins of the Myc network: essential regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Adv. Cancer Res. 68:109–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermeking, H., and J. Eick 1994. Mediation of c-myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science 265:2091–2093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang, A. T., K. J. Cohen, J. F. Barrett, D. A. Bergstrom, and J. Dang 1994. Participation of cyclin A in Myc-induced apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6875–6879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoang, A. T., B. Lutterbach, B. C. Lewis, T. Yano, T.-Y. Chou, J. F. Barrett, M. Raffeld, S. R. Hann, and J. Dang 1995. A link between increased transforming activity of lymphoma-derived MYC mutant alleles, their defective regulation by p107, and altered phosphorylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:4031–4042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber, A., M. Zornig, D. Lyon, T. Suda, S. Nagata, and J. Evan 1997. Requirement for the CD95 receptor-ligand pathway in c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Science 278:1305–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlin, P. J., K. P. Foley, D. E. Ayer, R. N. Eisenman, D. Hanahan, and J. Arbeit 1995. Regulation of Myc and Mad during epidermal differentiation and HPV-associated tumorigenesis. Oncogene 11:2487–2501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlin, P. J., C. Queva, and J. Eisenman 1997. Mnt, a novel Max-interacting protein, is coexpressed with Myc in proliferating cells and mediates repression at Myc binding sites. Genes Dev. 11:44–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurlin, P. J., C. Queva, P. J. Koskinen, E. Steingrimsson, D. E. Ayer, N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins, and J. Eisenman 1995. Mad3 and Mad4: novel Max-interacting transcriptional repressors that suppress c-myc dependent transformation and are expressed during neural and epidermal differentiation. EMBO J. 14:5646–5659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inghirami, G., F. Grignani, L. Sternas, L. Lombardi, D. M. Knowles, and J. Dalla-Favera 1990. Down-regulation of LFA-1 adhesion receptors by c-myc oncogene in human B lymphoblastoid cells. Science 250:682–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen-Durr, P., A. Meichle, P. Steiner, M. Pagano, D. Finke, J. Botz, J. Wessbecher, G. Draetta, and J. Eilers 1993. Differential modulation of cyclin gene expression by MYC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3685–3689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. M., J. Branda, K. A. Johnston, M. Polymenis, M. Gadd, A. Rustgi, L. Callanan, and J. Schmidt 1996. An essential E box in the promoter of the gene encoding the mRNA cap-binding protein (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) is a target for activation by c-myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4754–4764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, G. J., J. Barrett, M. Villa-Garcia, and J. Dang 1990. An amino-terminal c-Myc domain required for neoplastic transformation activates transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5914–5920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, G. J., and J. Dang 1992. Function of the c-Myc oncoprotein. FASEB J. 6:3065–3072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato, G. J., W. M. Lee, L. L. Chen, and J. Dang 1992. Max: functional domains and interaction with c-Myc. Genes Dev. 6:81–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamata, N., D. Park, S. Wilczynski, J. Yokota, and J. Koeffler 1996. Point mutations of the Mxi1 gene are rare in prostate cancers. Prostate 29:191–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskinen, P. J., I. Vastrik, T. P. Makela, R. N. Eisenman, and J. Alitalo 1994. Max activity is affected by phosphorylation at two nh2-terminal sites. Cell Growth Differ. 5:313–320.
   Google Scholar
• Kretzner, L., E. M. Blackwood, and J. Eisenman 1992. Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities. Nature 359:426–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, H., L. F. Parada, and J. Weinberg 1983. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 304:596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L. A., C. Dolde, J. Barrett, C. S. Wu, and J. Dang 1996. A link between c-Myc-mediated transcriptional repression and neoplastic transformation. J. Clin. Investig. 97:1687–1695.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, L. A., L. M. Resar, and J. Dang 1995. Cell density and paradoxical transcriptional properties of c-Myc and Max in cultured mouse fibroblasts. J. Clin. Investig. 95:900–904.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemaitre, J. M., R. S. Buckle, and J. Mechali 1996. c-Myc in the control of cell proliferation and embryonic development. Adv. Cancer Res. 70:95–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone, G., J. DeGregori, R. Sears, L. Jakoi, and J. Nevins 1997. Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F. Nature 387:422–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, B. C., H. Shim, Q. Li, C. S. Wu, L. A. Lee, A. Maity, and J. Dang 1997. Identification of putative c-Myc-responsive genes: characterization of rcl, a novel growth-related gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:4967–4978.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, J., C. Yen, D. Liaw, K. Podsypanina, S. Bose, S. I. Wang, J. Puc, C. Miliaresis, L. Rodgers, R. McCombie, S. H. Bigner, B. C. Giovanella, M. Ittmann, B. Tycko, H. Hibshoosh, M. H. Wigler, and J. Parsons 1997. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275:1943–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L. H., C. Nerlov, G. Prendergast, D. MacGregor, and J. Ziff 1994. c-Myc represses transcription in vivo by a novel mechanism dependent on the initiator element and Myc box II. EMBO J. 13:4070–4079.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Little, C. D., M. M. Nau, D. N. Carney, A. F. Gazdar, and J. Minna 1983. Amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in human lung cancer cell lines. Nature 306:194–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood, T. D., B. Amati, H. Land, and J. Evan 1992. Max and c-Myc/Max DNA-binding activities in cell extracts. Oncogene 7:1783–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., K. S. Thompson, and J. Towle 1993. Carbohydrate regulation of the rat L-type pyruvate kinase gene requires two nuclear factors: LF-A1 and a member of the c-myc family. J. Biol. Chem. 268:12787–12795.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luscher, B., and J. Eisenman 1992. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of the nuclear oncoproteins Myc and Myb. J. Cell Biol. 118:775–784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luscher, B., E. A. Kuenzel, E. G. Krebs, and J. Eisenman 1989. Myc oncoproteins are phosphorylated by casein kinase II. EMBO J. 8:1111–1119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lutterbach, B., and J. Hann 1994. Hierarchical phosphorylation at N-terminal transformation-sensitive sites in c-Myc protein is regulated by mitogens and in mitosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5510–5522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheswaran, S., H. Lee, and J. Sonenshein 1994. Intracellular association of the protein product of the c-myc oncogene with the TATA-binding protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1147–1152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mai, S., M. Fluri, D. Siwarski, and J. Huppi 1996. Genomic instability in MycER-activated Rat1A-MycER cells. Chromosome Res. 4:365–371.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mai, S., J. Hanley-Hyde, and J. Fluri 1996. c-Myc overexpression associated DHFR gene amplification in hamster, rat, mouse and human cell lines. Oncogene 12:277–288.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mai, S., and J. Jalava 1994. C-myc binds to 5′ flanking sequence motifs of the dihydrofolate reductase gene in cellular extracts—role in proliferation. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:2264–2273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mai, S., and J. Martensson 1995. The c-myc protein represses the lambda 5 and TdT initiators. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcu, K., S. Bossone, and J. Patel 1992. Myc function and regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 61:809–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marhin, W. W., S. Chen, L. M. Facchini, A. J. Fornace Jr., and J. Penn 1997. Myc represses the growth arrest gene gadd45. Oncogene 14:2825–2834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mariani-Costantini, R., C. Escot, C. Theillet, A. Gentile, G. Merlo, R. Lidereau, and J. Callahan 1988. In situ c-myc expression and genomic status of the c-myc locus in infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. Cancer Res. 48:199–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mateyak, M. K., A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi, and J. Sedivy 1997. Phenotypes of c-Myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ. 8:1039–1048.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathupala, S. P., A. Rempel, and J. Pedersen 1995. Glucose catabolism in cancer cells. Isolation, sequence, and activity of the promoter for type II hexokinase. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16918–16925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwan, I. J., K. Dahlman-Wright, J. Ford, and J. Wright 1996. Functional interactions of the c-Myc transactivation domain with the TATA binding protein: evidence for an induced fit model of transactivation domain folding. Biochemistry 35:9584–9593.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMahon, S. B., H. A. Van Buskirk, K. A. Dugan, T. D. Copeland, and J. Cole 1998. The novel ATM-related protein TRRAP is an essential cofactor for the c-Myc and E2F oncoproteins. Cell 94:363–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meichle, A., A. Philipp, and J. Eilers 1992. The functions of Myc proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1114:129–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miltenberger, R. J., K. A. Sukow, and J. Farnham 1995. An E-box-mediated increase in cad transcription at the G1/S-phase boundary is suppressed by inhibitory c-Myc mutants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2527–2535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mink, S., B. Mutschler, R. Weiskirchen, K. Bister, and J. Klempnauer 1996. A novel function for Myc: inhibition of C/EBP-dependent gene activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6635–6640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munzel, P., D. Marx, H. Kochel, A. Schauer, and J. Bock 1991. Genomic alterations of the c-myc protooncogene in relation to the overexpression of c-erbB2 and Ki-67 in human breast and cervix carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 117:603–607.
   Google Scholar
• Nagy, L., H. Y. Kao, D. Chakravarti, R. J. Lin, C. A. Hassig, D. E. Ayer, S. L. Schreiber, and J. Evans 1997. Nuclear receptor repression mediated by a complex containing SMRT, mSin3A, and histone deacetylase. Cell 89:373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozaki, N., T. Naoe, and J. Okazaki 1997. Immunoaffinity purification and characterization of CACGTG sequence-binding proteins from cultured mammalian cells using an anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody recognizing the DNA-binding domain. J. Biochem. 121:550–559.
   Google Scholar
• Packham, G., C. Bellofernandez, and J. Cleveland 1994. Position and orientation independent transactivation by c-Myc. Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 40:699–706.
   Google Scholar
• Packham, G., and J. Cleveland 1995. c-Myc and apoptosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1242:11–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packham, G., and J. Cleveland 1997. Induction of ornithine decarboxylase by IL-3 is mediated by sequential c-Myc-independent and c-Myc-dependent pathways. Oncogene 15:1219–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packham, G., and J. Cleveland 1994. Ornithine decarboxylase is a mediator of c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:5741–5747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, P. L. 1978. Tumor mitochondria and the bioenergetics of cancer cells. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 22:190–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pena, A., C. D. Reddy, S. Wu, N. J. Hickok, E. P. Reddy, G. Yumet, D. R. Soprano, and J. Soprano 1993. Regulation of human ornithine decarboxylase expression by the c-Myc.Max protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 268:27277–27285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez-Roger, I., D. L. C. Solomon, A. Sewing, and J. Land 1997. Myc activation of cyclin E/Cdk2 kinase involves induction of cyclin E gene transcription and inhibition of p27Kip1 binding to newly formed complexes. Oncogene 14:2373–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peukert, K., P. Staller, A. Schneider, G. Carmichael, F. Hanel, and J. Eilers 1997. An alternative pathway for gene regulation by Myc. EMBO J. 16:5672–5686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp, A., A. Schneider, I. Väsrik, K. Finke, Y. Xiong, D. Beach, K. Alitalo, and J. Eilers 1994. Repression of cyclin D1: a novel function of MYC. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:4032–4043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, M., and J. Wiener 1992. Plasmacytomagenesis in mice: model of neoplastic development dependent upon chromosomal translocations. Carcinogenesis 13:1681–1697.
   Google Scholar
• Prendergast, G. C., L. E. Diamond, D. Dahl, and J. Cole 1990. The c-myc-regulated gene mr1 encodes plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1265–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendergast, G. C., D. Lawe, and J. Ziff 1991. Association of Myn, the murine homolog of max, with c-Myc stimulates methylation-sensitive DNA binding and ras cotransformation. Cell 65:395–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendergast, G. C., and J. Ziff 1989. DNA-binding motif. Nature 341:392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prendergast, G. C., and J. Ziff 1991. Methylation-sensitive sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc basic region. Science 251:186–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendergast, G. C., and J. Ziff 1992. A new bind for Myc. Trends Genet. 8:91–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pusch, O., G. Bernaschek, M. Eilers, and J. Hengstschlager 1997. Activation of c-Myc uncouples DNA replication from activation of G1-cyclin-dependent kinases. Oncogene 15:649–656.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pusch, O., T. Soucek, E. Hengstschlager-Ottnad, G. Bernaschek, and J. Hengstschlager 1997. Cellular targets for activation by c-Myc include the DNA metabolism enzyme thymidine kinase. DNA Cell Biol. 16:737–747.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reisman, D., N. Elkind, B. Roy, J. Beamon, and J. Rotter 1993. c-Myc transactivates the p53 promoter through a required downstream CACGTG motif. Cell Growth Differ. 4:57–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rempel, A., S. P. Mathupala, C. A. Griffin, A. L. Hawkins, and J. Pedersen 1996. Glucose catabolism in cancer cells: amplification of the gene encoding type II hexokinase. Cancer Res 56:2468–2471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenwald, I. B., A. Lazariskaratzas, N. Sonenberg, and J. Schmidt 1993. Elevated levels of cyclin D1 protein in response to increased expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:7358–7363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenwald, I. B., D. B. Rhoads, L. D. Callanan, K. J. Isselbacher, and J. Schmidt 1993. Increased expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-2 alpha in response to growth induction by c-myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6175–6178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel, M. F. 1998. Key effectors of signal transduction and G1 progression. Adv. Cancer Res. 74:1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel, M. F., A. M. Theodoras, M. Pagano, and J. Sherr 1995. Rescue of defective mitogenic signaling by D-type cyclins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6837–6841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, A. L., C. Carruthers, T. Gutjahr, and J. Roeder 1993. Direct role for Myc in transcription initiation mediated by interactions with TFII-I. Nature 365:359–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roy, B., J. Beamon, E. Balint, and J. Reisman 1994. Transactivation of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene by c-Myc/Max contributes to elevated mutant p53 expression in some tumors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7805–7815.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudolph, B., R. Saffrich, J. Zwicker, B. Henglein, R. Muller, W. Ansorge, and J. Eilers 1996. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by Myc mediates induction of cyclin A, but not apoptosis. EMBO J. 15:3065–3076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamuro, D., K. J. Elliott, R. Wechsler-Reya, and J. Prendergast 1996. BIN1 is a novel MYC-interacting protein with features of a tumour suppressor. Nat. Genet. 14:69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyers, C. L., W. Callahan, and J. Witte 1992. Dominant negative MYC blocks transformation by ABL oncogenes. Cell 70:901–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenenberger, C. A., A. C. Andres, B. Groner, M. van der Valk, M. LeMeur, and J. Gerlinger 1988. Targeted c-myc gene expression in mammary glands of transgenic mice induces mammary tumours with constitutive milk protein gene transcription. EMBO J. 7:169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber-Agus, N., L. Chin, K. Chen, R. Torres, G. Rao, P. Guida, A. I. Skoultchi, and J. DePinho 1995. An amino-terminal domain of Mxi1 mediates anti-Myc oncogenic activity and interacts with a homolog of the yeast transcriptional repressor SIN3. Cell 80:777–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber-Agus, N., Y. Meng, T. Hoang, H. J. Hou, K. Chen, R. Greenberg, C. Cordon-Cardo, H. Lee, and J. DePinho 1998. Role of Mxi1 in ageing organ systems and the regulation of normal and neoplastic growth. Nature 393:483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuldiner, O., A. Eden, T. Ben-Yosef, O. Yanuka, G. Simchen, and J. Benvenisty 1996. ECA39, a conserved gene regulated by c-Myc in mice, is involved in G1/S cell cycle regulation in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7143–7148.
   Google Scholar
• Sedivy, J. M. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Semenza, G. L., B. H. Jiang, S. W. Leung, R. Passantino, J. P. Concordet, P. Maire, and J. Giallongo 1996. Hypoxia response elements in the aldolase A, enolase 1, and lactate dehydrogenase A gene promoters contain essential binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 271:32529–32537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenza, G. L., P. H. Roth, H. M. Fang, and J. Wang 1994. Transcriptional regulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J. Biol. Chem. 269:23757–23763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano, M., A. W. Lin, M. E. McCurrach, D. Beach, and J. Lowe 1997. Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell 88:593–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, D. N., V. Valentine, L. Eagle, X. Yin, S. W. Morris, and J. Prochownik 1994. Assignment of the human MAD and MXI1 genes to chromosomes 2p12-p13 and 10q24-q25. Genomics 23:282–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheiness, D., L. Fanshier, and J. Bishop 1978. Identification of nucleotide sequences which may encode the oncogenic capacity of avian retrovirus MC29. J. Virol. 28:600–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, H. M., Z. Liu, and J. Towle 1995. Two CACGTG motifs with proper spacing dictate the carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 270:21991–21997.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shim, H., Y. S. Chun, B. C. Lewis, and J. Dang 1998. A unique glucose-dependent apoptotic pathway induced by c-Myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:1511–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim, H., C. Dolde, B. C. Lewis, C. S. Wu, G. Dang, R. A. Jungmann, R. Dalla-Favera, and J. Dang 1997. c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: implications for tumor metabolism and growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:6658–6663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu, E., H. Shirasawa, K. Kodama, T. Sato, and J. Simizu 1996. Expression, regulation and polymorphism of the mxi1 genes. Gene 176:45–48.
   Google Scholar
• Shrivastava, A., S. Saleque, G. V. Kalpana, S. Artandi, S. P. Goff, and J. Calame 1993. Inhibition of transcriptional regulator Yin-Yang-1 by association with c-Myc. Science 262:1889–1892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shrivastava, A., J. Yu, S. Artandi, and J. Calame 1996. YY1 and c-Myc associate in vivo in a manner that depends on c-Myc levels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10638–10641.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skoda, R. C., S. F. Tsai, S. H. Orkin, and J. Leder 1995. Expression of c-MYC under the control of GATA-1 regulatory sequences causes erythroleukemia in transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 181:1603–1613.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smale, S. T., and J. Baltimore 1989. The “initiator” as a transcription control element. Cell 57:103–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith-Sorensen, B., E. M. Hijmans, R. L. Beijersbergen, and J. Bernards 1996. Functional analysis of Burkitt’s lymphoma mutant c-Myc proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271:5513–5518.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer, A., K. Bousset, E. Kremmer, M. Austen, and J. Luscher 1998. Identification and characterization of specific DNA-binding complexes containing members of the Myc/Max/Mad network of transcriptional regulators. J. Biol. Chem. 273:6632–6642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, C. A., and J. Groudine 1991. Control of c-myc regulation in normal and neoplastic cells. Adv. Cancer Res. 56:1–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spotts, G. D., S. V. Patel, Q. Xiao, and J. Hann 1997. Identification of downstream-initiated c-Myc proteins which are dominant-negative inhibitors of transactivation by full-length c-Myc proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1459–1468.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tavtigian, S. V., S. D. Zabludoff, and J. Wold 1994. Cloning of mid-G1 serum response genes and identification of a subset regulated by conditional myc expression. Mol. Biol. Cell. 5:375–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tikhonenko, A. T., D. J. Black, and J. Linial 1996. Viral Myc oncoproteins in infected fibroblasts down-modulate thrombospondin-1, a possible tumor suppressor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271:30741–30747.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres, R., N. Schreiber-Agus, S. D. Morgenbesser, and J. DePinho 1992. Myc and Max: a putative transcriptional complex in search of a cellular target. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4:468–474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuneoka, M., F. Nakano, H. Ohgusu, and J. Mekada 1997. c-myc activates RCC1 gene expression through E-box elements. Oncogene 14:2301–2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera, A., A. Pujol, X. Gregori, E. Riu, J. Visa, and J. Bosch 1995. Evidence from transgenic mice that myc regulates hepatic glycolysis. FASEB J. 9:1067–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Antwerp, M. E., D. G. Chen, C. Chang, and J. Prochownik 1992. A point mutation in the MyoD basic domain imparts c-Myc-like properties. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9010–9014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vastrik, I., T. P. Makela, P. J. Koskinen, J. Klefstrom, and J. Alitalo 1994. Myc protein: partners and antagonists. Crit. Rev. Oncog. 5:59–68.
   Google Scholar
• Versteeg, R., I. Noordermeer, M. Kruse-Wolters, D. Ruiter, and J. Schrier 1988. c-myc down-regulates class I HLA expression in human melanomas. EMBO J. 7:1023–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlach, J., S. Hennecke, K. Alevizopoulos, D. Conti, and J. Amati 1996. Growth arrest by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is abrogated by c-Myc. EMBO J. 15:6595–6604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. J., J. M. Kokontis, and J. Hay 1994. Myc-mediated apoptosis requires wild-type p53 in a manner independent of cell cycle arrest and the ability of p53 to induce p21waf1/cip1. Genes Dev. 8:2817–2830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. J., C. Meyers, L. A. Laimins, and J. Hay 1993. c-Myc induces the expression and activity of ornithine decarboxylase. Cell Growth Differ. 4:879–883.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner, A. J., M. B. Small, and J. Hay 1993. Myc-mediated apoptosis is blocked by ectopic expression of Bcl-2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2432–2440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, G. L., B. H. Jiang, E. A. Rue, and J. Semenza 1995. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5510–5514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., L. Y. Xie, S. Allan, D. Beach, and J. Hannon 1998. Myc activates telomerase. Genes Dev. 12:1769–1774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburg, O. 1930. The Metabolism of tumours. Constable, London, England.
   Google Scholar
• Warburg, O. 1956. On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123:309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. S., A. L. Hawkins, X. Li, E. W. Jabs, C. A. Griffin, and J. Dang 1994. Localization of the human Mxi1 transcription factor gene (MXI1) to chromosome 10q24-q25. Genomics 21:669–672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler, D. S., C. A. Shelly, and J. Dang 1996. Genomic organization of human MXI1, a putative tumor suppressor gene. Genomics 32:466–470.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. S., C. A. Shelly, C. A. Petroff, and J. Dang 1997. MXI1, a putative tumor suppressor gene, suppresses growth of human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 57:4905–4912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weihua, X., D. J. Lindner, and J. Kalvakolanu 1997. The interferon-inducible murine p48 (ISGF3gamma) gene is regulated by protooncogene c-myc. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:7227–7232.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, S., A. Pena, A. Korcz, D. R. Soprano, and J. Soprano 1996. Overexpression of Mxi1 inhibits the induction of the human ornithine decarboxylase gene by the Myc/Max protein complex. Oncogene 12:621–629.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, B.-S., T. J. Geddes, R. J. Pogulis, B. de Crombrugghe, and J. Freytag 1991. Transcriptional suppression of cellular gene expression by c-Myc. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2291–2295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, B.-S., J. D. Gilbert, and J. Freytag 1993. Overexpression of Myc suppresses CCAAT transcription factor/nuclear factor 1-dependent promoters in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:3093–3102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yano, T., C. Sander, H. Clark, M. Dolezal, E. Jaffe, and J. Raffeld 1993. Clustered mutations in the second exon of the MYC gene in sporadic Burkitt’s lymphoma. Oncogene 8:2741–2748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaffran, S., A. Chartier, P. Gallant, M. Astier, N. Arquier, D. Doherty, D. Gratecos, and J. Semeriva 1998. A Drosophila RNA helicase gene, pitchoune, is required for cell growth and proliferation and is a potential target of d-Myc. Development 125:3571–3584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zervos, A. S., J. Gyuris, and J. Brent 1993. Mxi1, a protein that specifically interacts with Max to bind Myc-Max recognition sites. Cell 72:223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zindy, F., C. M. Eischen, D. H. Randle, T. Kamijo, J. L. Cleveland, C. J. Sherr, and J. Roussel 1998. Myc signaling via the ARF tumor suppressor regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and immortalization. Genes Dev. 12:2424–2433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar