Cell Cycle Arrest and Reversion of Ras-Induced Transformation by a Conditionally Activated Form of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 3

REFERENCES

• Albanese, C., J. Johnson, G. Watanabe, N. Eklund, V. Dzuy, A. Arnold, and J. Pestell 1995. Transforming p21ras mutants and c-Ets-2 activate the cyclin D1 promoter through distinguishable regions. J. Biol. Chem. 270:23589–23597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billon, N., L. A. van Grunsven, and J. Rudkin 1996. The cdk inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 is induced through a p300-dependent mechanism during NGF-induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. Oncogene 13:2047–2054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank, J. L., P. Gerwins, E. M. Elliott, S. Sather, and J. Johnson 1996. Molecular cloning of mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase kinases (MEKK) 2 and 3. J. Biol. Chem. 271:5361–5368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brondello, J. M., F. R. McKenzie, H. Sun, N. K. Tonks, and J. Pouyssegur 1995. Constitutive MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP-1) expression blocks G1 specific gene transcription and S-phase entry in fibroblasts. Oncogene 10:1895–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, P. 1997. The search for physiological substrates of MAP and SAP kinases in mammalian cells. Trends Cell Biol. 7:353–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cox, A. D., and J. Der 1994. Biological assays for cellular transformation. Methods Enzymol. 238:277–294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diehl, J. A., F. Zindy, and J. Sherr 1997. Inhibition of cyclin D1 phosphorylation on threonine-286 prevents its rapid degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Genes Dev. 11:957–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, H., K. Brown, K. Kelly, and J. Siebenlist 1997. Direct activation of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways by an inducible mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinase 3 (MEKK) derivative. J. Biol. Chem. 272:2668–2674.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellinger-Ziegelbauer, H., and U. Siebenlist. Unpublished observations.
   Google Scholar
• Fanger, G. R., P. Gerwins, C. Widmann, M. B. Jarpe, and J. Johnson 1997. MEKKs, GCKs, MLKs, PAKs, TAKs, and Tpls: upstream regulators of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinases? Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Y., J. Rosenblatt, and J. Morgan 1992. Cell cycle regulation of cdk2 activity by phosphorylation of Thr160 and Tyr15. EMBO J. 11:3995–4005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gum, R. J., M. M. McLaughlin, S. Kumar, Z. Wang, M. J. Bower, J. C. Lee, J. L. Adams, G. P. Livi, E. J. Goldsmith, and J. Young 1998. Acquisition of sensitivity of stress-activated protein kinases to the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, by alteration of one or more amino acids within the ATP binding pocket. J. Biol. Chem. 273:15605–15610.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herskowitz, I. 1995. MAP kinase pathways in yeast: for mating and more. Cell 80:187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichijo, H., E. Nishida, K. Irie, P. ten Dijke, M. Saitoh, T. Moriguchi, M. Takagi, K. Matsumoto, K. Miyazono, and J. Gotoh 1997. Induction of apoptosis by ASK1, a mammalian MAPKKK that activates SAPK/JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Science 275:90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, H., J. Lin, Z. Z. Su, F. R. Collart, E. Huberman, and J. Fisher 1994. Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic HL60 leukemia cells activates p21, WAF1/CIP1, expression in the absence of p53. Oncogene 9:3397–3406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan, C., K. Seuwen, S. Meloche, and J. Poussegur 1992. Coordinate, biphasic activation of p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and S6 kinase by growth factors in hamster fibroblasts. Evidence for thrombin-induced signals different from phosphoinositide turnover and adenylylcyclase inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 267:13369–13375.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerkhoff, E., and J. Rapp 1997. Induction of cell proliferation in quiescent NIH 3T3 cells by oncogenic c-Raf-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:2576–2586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R. W., R. J. Deshaies, J.-M. Peters, and J. Kirschner 1996. How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science 274:1652–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriakis, J. M., and J. Avruch 1996. Sounding the alarm: protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:24313–24316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoie, J. N., G. L’Allemain, A. Brunet, R. Mueller, and J. Pouyssegur 1996. Cyclin D1 expression is regulated positively by the p42/p44MAPK and negatively by the p38/HOGMAPK pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 271:20608–20616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. C., J. T. Laydon, P. C. McDonnell, T. F. Gallagher, S. Kumar, D. Green, D. McNulty, M. J. Blumenthal, J. R. Heys, S. W. Landvatter, J. E. Strickler, M. M. McLaughlin, I. R. Siemens, S. M. Fisher, G. P. Livi, J. R. White, J. L. Adams, and J. Young 1994. A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis. Nature 372:739–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, A. W., M. Barradas, J. C. Stone, L. van Aelst, M. Serrano, and J. Lowe 1998. Premature senescence involving p53 and p16 is activated in response to constitutive MEK/MAPK mitogenic signaling. Genes Dev. 12:3008–3019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J.-J., J.-R. Chao, M.-C. Jiang, S.-Y. Ng, J. J.-Y. Yen, and J. Yang-Yen 1995. Ras transformation results in an elevated level of cyclin D1 and acceleration of G1 progression in NIH 3T3 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3654–3663.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, J., T. Herzinger, K. Hansen, M. C. Moroni, D. Resnitzky, K. Helin, S. I. Reed, and J. Bartek 1997. Cyclin E-induced S phase without activation of the pRb/E2F pathway. Genes Dev. 11:1479–1492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas, J. J., A. Szepesi, J. F. Modiano, J. Domenico, and J. Gelfand 1995. Regulation of synthesis and activity of the PLSTIRE protein (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6)), a major cyclin D-associated cdk4 homologue in normal human T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 14:6275–6284.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, C. J. 1998. Taking the Rap. Nature 392:553–554.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Castellanos, C., and J. Moreno 1997. Recent advances on cyclins, cdks and cdk inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol. 7:95–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsushime, H., D. E. Quelle, S. A. Shurtleff, M. Shibuya, C. J. Sherr, and J. Kato 1994. D-type cyclin-dependent kinase activity in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2066–2076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloche, S., K. Seuwen, G. Pages, and J. Poussegur 1992. Biphasic and synergistic activation of p44mapk (ERK1) by growth factors: correlation between late phase activation and mitogenicity. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:845–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missero, C., E. Calautti, R. Eckner, J. Chin, L. H. Tsai, D. M. Livingston, and J. Dotto 1995. Involvement of the cell cycle inhibitor Cip1/WAF1 and the E1A-associated p300 protein in terminal differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5451–5455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsui, H., N. Takuwa, K. Kurikawa, J. H. Exton, and J. Takuwa 1997. Dependence of activated Gα12-induced G1 to S phase cell cycle progression on both ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase and ras/rac1/Jun N-terminal kinase cascades in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 272:4904–4910.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molnar, A., A. M. Theodoras, L. I. Zon, and J. Kyriakis 1997. Cd42Hs, but not Rac1, inhibits serum-stimulated cell cycle progression at G1/S through a mechanism requiring p38/RK. J. Biol. Chem. 272:13229–13235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. O. 1995. Principles of cdk regulation. Nature 374:131–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pages, G., P. Kenormana, G. L’Allemain, J.-C. Chambard, S. Meloche, and J. Pouyssegur 1993. Mitogen-activated protein kinases p42mapk and p44mapk are required for fibroblast proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8319–8323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pear, W. S., G. P. Nolan, M. L. Scott, and J. Baltimore 1993. Production of high-titer, helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:8392–8396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeper, D. S., T. M. Upton, M. H. Ladha, E. Neuman, J. Zalvide, R. Bernards, J. A. DeCaprio, and J. Ewen 1997. Ras signalling linked to the cell cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 386:177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poluha, W., C. M. Schonhoff, K. S. Harrington, M. B. Lachyankar, N. E. Crosbie, D. A. Bulseco, and J. Ross 1997. A novel nerve growth factor-activated pathway involving nitric oxide, p53, and p21WAF1 regulates neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:24002–24007.
   Google Scholar
• Racke, F. K., K. Lewandowska, S. Goueli, and J. Goldfarb 1997. Sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated/mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for megakaryocyte differentiation of K562 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:23366–23370.
   Google Scholar
• Resnitzky, D., and J. Reed 1995. Different roles for cyclins D1 and E in regulation of the G1-to-S transition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3463–3469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reysnidottir, I., and J. Massague 1997. The subcellular locations of p15INK4b and p27KIP1 coordinate their inhibitory interactions with cdk4 and cdk2. Genes Dev. 11:492–503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rohan, P. J., P. Davis, C. A. Moskaluk, M. Kearns, H. Krutzsch, U. Siebenlist, and J. Kelly 1993. Pac-1: a mitogen-induced nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase. Science 259:1763–1766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussel, M. F., A. M. Theodoras, M. Pagano, and J. Sherr 1995. Rescue of defective mitogenic signaling by D-type cyclins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6837–6841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels, M. L., M. J. Weber, J. M. Bishop, and J. McMahon 1993. Conditional transformation of cells and rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by an estradiol-dependent human Raf-1 protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6241–6252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seger, R., and J. Krebs 1995. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9:726–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewing, A., C. Buerger, S. Bruesselbach, C. Schalk, F. C. Lucibello, and J. Mueller 1993. Human cyclin D1 encodes a labile nuclear protein whose synthesis is directly induced by growth factors and suppressed by cyclic AMP. J. Cell Sci. 104:545–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewing, A., B. Wiseman, A. C. Lloyd, and J. Land 1997. High-intensity Raf signal causes cell cycle arrest mediated by p21Cip1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5588–5597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, P. S., J. N. Evans, R. J. Davis, and J. Posada 1996. The seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors for endothelin and thrombin cause proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and activation of the extracellular regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase groups of mitogen-activated protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 271:5750–5754.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherr, C. J. 1993. Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 73:1059–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, C. J. 1996. Cancer cell cycles. Science 274:1672–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, C. J., and J. Roberts 1995. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 9:1149–1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, G. H., and J. Dulic 1995. Origins of G1 arrest in sensecent human fibroblasts. Bioessays 17:537–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinman, R. A., B. Hoffman, A. Iro, C. Guillouf, D. A. Liebermann, and J. el-Houseini 1994. Induction of p21 (WAF-1/CIP1) during differentiation. Oncogene 9:3389–3396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takuwa, N., and J. Takuwa 1997. Ras activity late in G1 phase required for p27kip1 downregulation, passage through the restriction point, and entry into S phase in growth factor-stimulated NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5348–5358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbles, L. A., Y. L. Ing, F. Kiefer, J. Chan, N. Iscove, J. R. Woodgett, and J. and Lassam 1996. MLK-3 activates the SAPK/JNK and p38/RK pathways via SEK1 and MKK3/6. EMBO J. 15:7026–7035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, K., and J. Perlman 1997. Cell cycle exit upon myogenic differentiation. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:597–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, G., R. J. Lee, C. Albanese, W. E. Rainey, D. Batle, and J. Pestell 1996. Angiotensin II activation of cyclin D1-dependent kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 271:22570–22577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, J. D., D. M. Raben, P. J. Phillips, and J. Baldassare 1997. Sustained activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) is required for the continued expression of cyclin D1 in G1 phase. Biochem. J. 326:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, D., D. Parry, H. Cherwinski, E. Bosch, E. Lees, and J. McMahon 1997. Raf-induced proliferation or cell cycle arrest is determined by the level of Raf activity with arrest mediated by p21Cip1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5598–5611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, G. Z., and J. Ziff 1995. NGF regulates the PC12 cell cycle machinery through specific inhibition of the Cdk kinases and induction of cyclin D1. J. Neurosci. 15:6200–6212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zetterberg, A., and J. Larsson 1985. Kinetic analysis of the regulatory events in G1 leading to proliferation or quiescence of Swiss 3T3 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5365–5469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., D. Woods, M. McMahon, and J. Bishop 1998. Senescence of human fibroblasts induced by oncogenic Raf. Genes Dev. 12:2997–3007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar