Alleviation of Human Papillomavirus E2-Mediated Transcriptional Repression via Formation of a TATA Binding Protein (or TFIID)-TFIIB-RNA Polymerase II-TFIIF Preinitiation Complex

REFERENCES

• Alexander, K. A., and Phelps, W. C.. 1996. A fluorescence anisotropy study of DNA binding by HPV-11 E2C protein: a hierarchy of E2-binding sites. Biochemistry 35:9864–9872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auble, D. T., Hansen, K. E., Mueller, C. G. F., Lane, W. S., Thorner, J., and Hahn, S.. 1994. Mot1, a global repressor of RNA polymerase II transcription, inhibits TBP binding to DNA by an ATP-dependent mechanism. Genes Dev. 8:1920–1934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsoum, J., Prakash, S. S., Han, P., and Androphy, E. J.. 1992. Mechanism of action of the papillomavirus E2 repressors: repression in the absence of DNA binding. J. Virol. 66:3941–3945
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burley, S. K., and Roeder, R. G.. 1998. TATA box mimicry by TFIID: autoinhibition of pol II transcription. Cell 94:551–553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1991. An E1M ^E2C fusion protein encoded by human papillomavirus type 11 is a sequence-specific transcription repressor. J. Virol. 65:3317–3329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1992. Properties of bovine papillomavirus E1 mutants. Virology 191:964–967
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., Dong, G., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1992. Control of human papillomavirus type 11 origin of replication by the E2 family of transcription regulatory proteins. J. Virol. 66:5224–5231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., Ustav, M., Stenlund, A., Ho, T. F., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1992. Viral E1 and E2 proteins support replication of homologous and heterologous papillomaviral origins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5799–5803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., Ge, H., Wang, Z., Hoffmann, A., and Roeder, R. G.. 1993. Unique TATA-binding protein-containing complexes and cofactors involved in transcription by RNA polymerases II and III. EMBO J. 12:2749–2762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., and Roeder, R. G.. 1993. Expression and purification of general transcription factors by FLAG epitope-tagging and peptide elution. Peptide Res. 6:62–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiang, C.-M., and Roeder, R. G.. 1995. Cloning of an intrinsic human TFIID subunit that interacts with multiple transcriptional activators. Science 267:531–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, M. T., Hirochika, R., Hirochika, H., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1988. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 11 enhancer and E6 promoter by activating and repressing proteins from the E2 open reading frame: functional and biochemical studies. J. Virol. 62:2994–3002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chin, M. T., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1989. Identification of a novel constitutive enhancer element and an associated binding protein: implications for human papillomavirus type 11 enhancer regulation. J. Virol. 63:2967–2976
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chong, T., Apt, D., Gloss, B., Isa, M., and Bernard, H.-U.. 1991. The enhancer of human papillomavirus type 16: binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factors oct-1, NFA, TEF-2, NF1, and AP-1 participate in epithelial cell-specific transcription. J. Virol. 65:5933–5943
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooney, A. J., Leng, X., Tsai, S. Y., O'Malley, B. W., and Tsai, M.-J.. 1993. Multiple mechanisms of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor-dependent repression of transactivation by the vitamin D, thyroid hormone, and retinoic acid receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 268:4152–4160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cripe, T. P., Alderborn, A., Anderson, R. D., Parkkinen, S., Bergman, P., Haugen, T. H., Pettersson, U., and Turek, L. P.. 1990. Transcriptional activation of the human papillomavirus 16 P97 promoter by an 88-nucleotide enhancer containing distinct cell-dependent and AP-1 responsive modules. New Biol. 2:450–463
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demeret, C., Yaniv, M., and Thierry, F.. 1994. The E2 transcriptional repressor can compensate for Sp1 activation of the human papillomavirus type 18 early promoter. J. Virol. 68:7075–7082
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., Lebovitz, R. M., and Roeder, R. G.. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475–1489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiLorenzo, T. P., and Steinberg, B. M.. 1995. Differential regulation of human papillomavirus type 6 and 11 early promoters in cultured cells derived from laryngeal papillomas. J. Virol. 69:6865–6872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollard, S. C., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1993. Regulation of the human papillomavirus type 11 E6 promoter by viral and host transcription factors in primary human keratinocytes. J. Virol. 67:1721–1726
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong, G., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1994. Human papillomavirus type 11 E2 proteins repress the homologous E6 promoter by interfering with the binding of host transcription factors to adjacent elements. J. Virol. 68:1115–1127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dostatni, N., Lambert, P. F., Sousa, R., Ham, J., Howley, P. M., and Yaniv, M.. 1991. The functional BPV-1 E2 trans-activating protein can act as a repressor by preventing formation of the initiation complex. Genes Dev. 5:1657–1671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fondell, J. D., Brunel, F., Hisatake, K., and Roeder, R. G.. 1996. Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor α can target TATA-binding protein for transcriptional repression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:281–287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaubatz, S., Imhof, A., Dosch, R., Werner, O., Mitchell, P., Buettner, R., and Eilers, M.. 1995. Transcriptional activation by Myc is under negative control by the transcription factor AP-2. EMBO J. 14:1508–1519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, H., and Roeder, R. G.. 1994. Purification, cloning, and characterization of a human coactivator, PC4, that mediates transcriptional activation of class II genes. Cell 78:513–523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin, E. C., Naeger, L. K., Breiding, D. E., Androphy, E. J., and DiMaio, D.. 1998. Transactivation-competent bovine papillomavirus E2 protein is specifically required for efficient repression of human papillomavirus oncogene expression and for acute growth inhibition of cervical carcinoma cell lines. J. Virol. 72:3925–3934
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goppelt, A., Stelzer, G., Lottspeich, F., and Meisterernst, M.. 1996. A mechanism for repression of class II gene transcription through specific binding of NC2 to TBP-promoter complexes via heterodimeric histone fold domains. EMBO J. 15:3105–3116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirochika, H., Hirochika, R., Broker, T. R., and Chow, L. T.. 1988. Functional mapping of the human papillomavirus type 11 transcriptional enhancer and its interaction with the trans-acting E2 proteins. Genes Dev. 2:54–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ikeda, K., Halle, J.-P., Stelzer, G., Meisterernst, M., and Kawakami, K.. 1998. Involvement of negative cofactor NC2 in active repression by zinc finger-homeodomain transcription factor AREB6. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:10–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. D.. 1995. The price of repression. Cell 81:655–658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamei, Y., Xu, L., Heinzel, T., Torchia, J., Kurokawa, R., Gloss, B., Lin, S.-C., Heyman, R. A., Rose, D. W., Glass, C. K., and Rosenfeld, M. G.. 1996. A CBP integrator complex mediates transcriptional activation and AP-1 inhibition by nuclear receptors. Cell 85:403–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaya, T., Kyo, S., and Laimins, L. A.. 1997. The 5′ region of the human papillomavirus type 31 upstream regulatory region acts as an enhancer which augments viral early expression through the action of YY1. Virology 237:159–169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato, H., Horikoshi, M., and Roeder, R. G.. 1991. Repression of HIV-1 transcription by a cellular protein. Science 251:1476–1479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kershnar, E., Wu, S.-Y., and Chiang, C.-M.. 1998. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:34444–34453
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kretzschmar, M., Kaiser, K., Lottspeich, F., and Meisterernst, M.. 1994. A novel mediator of class II gene transcription with homology to viral immediate-early transcriptional regulators. Cell 78:525–534
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labbé, E., Silvestri, C., Hoodless, P. A., Wrana, J. L., and Attisano, L.. 1998. Smad2 and Smad3 positively and negatively regulate TGFβ-dependent transcription through the forkhead DNA-binding protein FAST2. Mol. Cell 2:109–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, P. F., Spalholz, B. A., and Howley, P. M.. 1987. A transcriptional repressor encoded by BPV-1 shares a common carboxy-terminal domain with the E2 transactivator. Cell 50:69–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, K. C., Crowe, A. J., and Barton, M. C.. 1999. p53-mediated repression of alpha-fetoprotein gene expression by specific DNA binding. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1279–1288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehman, C. W., King, D. S., and Botchan, M. R.. 1997. A papillomavirus E2 phosphorylation mutant exhibits normal transient replication and transcription but is defective in transformation and plasmid retention. J. Virol. 71:3652–3665
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, C., and Manley, J. L.. 1998. Even-skipped represses transcription by binding TATA binding protein and blocking the TFIID-TATA box interaction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:3771–3781
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McBride, A. A., Romanczuk, H., and Howley, P. M.. 1991. The papillomavirus E2 regulatory proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266:18411–18414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisterernst, M., Roy, A. L., Lieu, H. M., and Roeder, R. G.. 1991. Activation of class II gene transcription by regulatory factors is potentiated by a novel activity. Cell 66:981–993
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mermelstein, F., Yeung, K., Cao, J., Inostroza, J. A., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Eagelson, K., Landsman, D., Levitt, P., Tempst, P., and Reinberg, D.. 1996. Requirement of a corepressor for Dr1-mediated repression of transcription. Genes Dev. 10:1033–1048
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Connor, M., Chan, S. Y., and Bernard, H.-U.. 1995. Transcription factor binding sites in the long control regions of genital HPVs Human papillomaviruses 1995 compendium, part III-A. Myers, G., Bernard, H.-U., Delius, H., Baker, C., Icenogle, J., Halpern, A., and Wheeler, C. 21–40 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.Mex
   Google Scholar
• Olave, I., Reinberg, D., and Vales, L. D.. 1998. The mammalian transcriptional repressor RBP (CBF1) targets TFIID and TFIIA to prevent activated transcription. Genes Dev. 12:1621–1637
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliner, J. D., Pietenpol, J. A., Thiagalingam, S., Gyuris, J., Kinzler, K. W., and Vogelstein, B.. 1993. Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumour suppressor p53. Nature 362:857–860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orphanides, G., Lagrange, T., and Reinberg, D.. 1996. The general transcription factors of RNA polymerase II. Genes Dev. 10:2657–2683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pazin, M. J., and Kadonaga, J. T.. 1997. What's up and down with histone deacetylation and transcription? Cell 89:325–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeder, R. G.. 1996. The role of general initiation factors in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:327–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanczuk, H., Thierry, F., and Howley, P. M.. 1990. Mutational analysis of cis elements involved in E2 modulation of human papillomavirus type 16 P97 and type 18 P105 promoters. J. Virol. 64:2849–2859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, J. F., Liu, X., and Dynlacht, B. D.. 1999. Mechanism of transcriptional repression of E2F by the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein. Mol. Cell 3:195–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T.. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y
   Google Scholar
• Smotkin, D., Prokoph, H., and Wettstein, F. O.. 1989. 1989. Oncogenic and nononcogenic human genital papillomaviruses generate the E7 mRNA by different mechanisms. J. Virol. 63:1441–1447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sommer, A., Bousset, K., Kremmer, E., Austen, M., and Lüscher, B.. 1998. Identification and characterization of specific DNA-binding complexes containing members of the Myc/Max/Mad network of transcriptional regulators. J. Biol. Chem. 273:6632–6642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa, R., Dostatni, N., and Yaniv, M.. 1990. Control of papillomavirus gene expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1032:19–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steger, G., and Corbach, S.. 1997. Dose-dependent regulation of the early promoter of human papillomavirus type 18 by the viral E2 protein. J. Virol. 71:50–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steger, G., Ham, J., Lefebvre, O., and Yaniv, M.. 1995. The bovine papillomavirus 1 E2 protein contains two activation domains: one that interacts with TBP and another that functions after TBP binding. EMBO J. 14:329–340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenlund, A., and Botchan, M. R.. 1990. The E2 trans-activator can act as a repressor by interfering with a cellular transcription factor. Genes Dev. 4:123–136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan, S.-H., Leong, L. E.-C., Walker, P. A., and Bernard, H.-U.. 1994. The human papillomavirus type 16 E2 transcription factor binds with low cooperativity to two flanking sites and represses the E6 promoter through displacement of Sp1 and TFIID. J. Virol. 68:6411–6420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tao, Y., Kassatly, R. F., Cress, W. D., and Horowitz, J. M.. 1997. Subunit composition determines E2F DNA-binding site specificity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:6994–7007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thut, C. J., Goodrich, J. A., and Tjian, R.. 1997. Repression of p53-mediated transcription by MDM2: a dual mechanism. Genes Dev. 11:1974–1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong, J. K., Hassig, C. A., Schnitzler, G. R., Kingston, R. E., and Schreiber, S. L.. 1998. Chromatin deacetylation by an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling complex. Nature 395:917–921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushikai, M., Lace, M. J., Yamakawa, Y., Kono, M., Anson, J., Ishiji, T., Parkkinen, S., Wicker, N., Valentine, M.-E., Davidson, I., Turek, L. P., and Haugen, T. H.. 1994. trans activation by the full-length E2 proteins of human papillomavirus type 16 and bovine papillomavirus type 1 in vitro and in vivo: cooperation with activation domains of cellular transcription factors. J. Virol. 68:6655–6666
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wade, P. A., Jones, P. L., Vermaak, D., and Wolffe, A. P.. 1998. A multiple subunit Mi-2 histone deacetylase from Xenopus laevis cofractionates with an associated Snf2 superfamily ATPase. Curr. Biol. 8:843–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J. C., Sawadogo, M., and Van Dyke, M. W.. 1998. Plasmids for the in vitro analysis of RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription based on a G-free template. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1397:141–145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, S.-Y., and Chiang, C.-M.. 1996. Establishment of stable cell lines expressing potentially toxic proteins by tetracycline-regulated and epitope-tagging methods. BioTechniques 21:718–725
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, S.-Y., and Chiang, C.-M.. 1998. Properties of PC4 and an RNA polymerase II complex in directing activated and basal transcription in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 273:12492–12498
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, S.-Y., Kershnar, E., and Chiang, C.-M.. 1998. TAFII-independent activation mediated by human TBP in the presence of the positive cofactor PC4. EMBO J. 17:4478–4490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, S.-Y., Thomas, M. C., Hou, S. Y., Likhite, V., and Chiang, C.-M.. 1999. Isolation of mouse TFIID and functional characterization of TBP and TFIID in mediating estrogen receptor and chromatin transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 274:23480–23490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xue, Y., Wong, J., Moreno, G. T., Young, M. K., Côté, J., and Wang, W.. 1998. NURD, a novel complex with both ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling and histone deacetylase activities. Mol. Cell 2:851–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., LeRoy, G., Seelig, H.-P., Lane, W. S., and Reinberg, D.. 1998. The dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen Mi2 is a component of a complex containing histone deacetylase and nucleosome remodeling activities. Cell 95:279–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, W., Chow, L. T., and Broker, T. R.. 1999. A distal element in the HPV-11 upstream regulatory region contributes to promoter repression in basal keratinocytes in squamous epithelium. Virology 253:219–229
   PubMedGoogle Scholar