E2F Is Required To Prevent Inappropriate S-Phase Entry of Mammalian Cells

REFERENCES

• Bagchi, S., Raychaudhuri, P., and Nevins, J. R.. 1990. Adenovirus E1A proteins can dissociate heteromeric complexes involving the E2F transcription factor: a novel mechanism for E1A transactivation. Cell 62:659–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielinska, A., Shivdasani, R. A., Zhang, L. Q., and Nabel, G. J.. 1990. Regulation of gene expression with double-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Science 250:997–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, M. C., and Azizkhan, J. C.. 1989. Transcription factor E2F is required for efficient expression of the hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4994–5002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugarolas, J., Moberg, K., Boyd, S. D., Taya, Y., Jacks, T., and Lees, J. A.. 1999. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 by p21 is necessary for retinoblastoma protein-mediated G1 arrest after gamma-irradiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1002–1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, S.. 1992. Cell cycle regulation of the human cdc2 gene. EMBO J. 11:1797–1804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGregori, J., Kowalik, T., and Nevins, J. R.. 1995. Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis- and G1/S-regulatory genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:4215–4224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dou, Q. P., Zhao, S., Levin, A. H., Wang, J., Helin, K., and Pardee, A. B.. 1994. G1/S-regulated E2F-containing protein complexes bind to the mouse thymidine kinase gene promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1306–1313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyson, N.. 1998. The regulation of E2F by pRB-family proteins. Genes Dev. 12:2245–2262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eck, S. L., Perkins, N. D., Carr, D. P., and Nabel, G. J.. 1993. Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced cellular adhesion by competitive binding of NF-κB in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6530–6536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan, J. G., and Bertino, J. R.. 1997. Functional roles of E2F in cell cycle regulation. Oncogene 14:1191–1200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Field, S. J., Tsai, F. Y., Kuo, F., Zubiaga, A. M., Kaelin, W. G.Jr., Livingston, D. M., Orkin, S. H., and Greenberg, M. E.. 1996. E2F-1 functions in mice to promote apoptosis and suppress proliferation. Cell 85:549–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, E. A., Bruce, J. L., Harlow, E., and Dyson, N.. 1998. pRB plays an essential role in cell cycle arrest induced by DNA damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11945–11950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebert, S. W., Blake, M., Azizkhan, J., and Nevins, J. R.. 1991. Role of E2F transcription factor in E1a-mediated transactivation of cellular genes. J. Virol. 65:3547–3552
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiebert, S. W., Lipp, M., and Nevins, J. R.. 1989. E1A-dependent transactivation of the human MYC promoter is mediated by the E2F factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3594–3598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, K. M., McMahon, S. L., and Farnham, P. J.. 1994. Multiple DNA elements are required for the growth regulation of the mouse E2F1 promoter. Genes Dev. 8:1526–1537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huu, D.-N., Rosenblum, E. N., and Zeigel, R. F.. 1966. Persistent infection of a rat kidney cell line with Rauscher murine leukemia virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:1133–1140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen, D. E., Black, A. R., Swick, A. G., and Azizkhan, J. C.. 1997. Distinct roles for Sp1 and E2F sites in the growth/cell cycle regulation of the dhfr promoter. J. Cell. Biochem. 67:24–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. G.. 1995. Regulation of E2F-1 gene expression by p130 (Rb2) and D-type cyclin kinase activity. Oncogene 11:1685–1692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. G., Schwarz, J. K., Cress, W. D., and Nevins, J. R.. 1993. Expression of transcription factor E2F1 induces quiescent cells to enter S phase. Nature 365:349–352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. G., Ohtani, K., and Nevins, J. R.. 1994. Autoregulatory control of E2F1 expression in response to positive and negative regulators of cell cycle progression. Genes Dev. 8:1514–1525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, E. W., and Watson, R. J.. 1993. An E2F-binding site mediates cell-cycle regulated repression of mouse b-myb transcription. EMBO J. 12:2705–2713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberg, K. H., Logan, T. J., Tyndall, W. A., and Hall, D. J.. 1992. Three distinct elements within the murine c-myc promoter are required for transcription. Oncogene 7:411–421
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mudryj, M., Hiebert, S. W., and Nevins, J. R.. 1990. A role for the adenovirus inducible E2F transcription factor in a proliferation dependent signal transduction pathway. EMBO J. 9:2179–2184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuman, E., Flemington, E. K., Sellers, W. R., Kaelin, W. G.Jr.. 1994. Transcription of the E2F-1 gene is rendered cell cycle dependent by E2F DNA-binding sites within its promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:6607–6615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevins, J. R.. 1998. Toward an understanding of the functional complexity of the E2F and retinoblastoma families. Cell Growth Differ. 9:585–593
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohtani, K., DeGregori, J., Leone, G., Herendeen, D. R., Kelly, T. J., and Nevins, J. R.. 1996. Expression of the HsOrc1 gene, a human ORC1 homolog, is regulated by cell proliferation via the E2F transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:6977–6984
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohtani, K., DeGregori, J., and Nevins, J. R.. 1995. Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12146–12150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh, R., and Bag, J.. 1996. Inhibition of myogenesis in mouse C2 cells by double-stranded phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides containing mef-1 sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 271:17372–17376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porcu, P., Grana, X., Li, S., Swantek, J., De Luca, A., Giordano, A., and Baserga, R.. 1994. An E2F binding sequence negatively regulates the response of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) promoter to simian virus 40 T antigen and to serum. Oncogene 9:2125–2134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schöler, H. R., and Gruss, P.. 1984. Specific interaction between enhancer-containing molecules and cellular components. Cell 36:403–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, A., Zerfass, K., Spitkovsky, D., Middendorp, S., Berges, J., Helin, K., Jansen-Durr, P., and Henglein, B.. 1995. Cell cycle regulation of the cyclin A gene promoter is mediated by a variant E2F site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:11264–11268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, R., Ohtani, K., and Nevins, J. R.. 1997. Identification of positively and negatively acting elements regulating expression of the E2F2 gene in response to cell growth signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5227–5235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shan, B., and Lee, W. H.. 1994. Deregulated expression of E2F-1 induces S-phase entry and leads to apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:8166–8173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slansky, J. E., and Farnham, P. J.. 1996. Transcriptional regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase gene. Bioessays 18:55–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slansky, J. E., and Farnham, P. J.. 1996. Introduction to the E2F family: protein structure and gene regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 208:1–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slebos, R. J. C., Lee, M. H., Plunkett, B. S., Kessis, T. D., Williams, B. O., Jacks, T., Hedrick, L., Kastan, M. B., and Cho, K. R.. 1994. p53-dependent G1 arrest involves pRb-related proteins and is disrupted by the human papillomavirus 16 E7 protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:5320–5324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. J., Leone, G., DeGregori, J., Jakoi, L., and Nevins, J. R.. 1996. The accumulation of an E2F-p130 transcriptional repressor distinguishes a G0 cell state from a G1 cell state. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:6965–6976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. J., Leone, G., and Nevins, J. R.. 1998. Distinct mechanisms control the accumulation of the Rb-related p107 and p130 proteins during cell growth. Cell Growth Differ. 9:297–303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thalmeier, K., Synovzik, H., Mertz, R., Winnacker, E. L., and Lipp, M.. 1989. Nuclear factor E2F mediates basic transcription and transactivation by E1a of the human MYC promoter. Genes Dev. 3:527–536
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tommasi, S., and Pfeifer, G. P.. 1995. In vivo structure of the human cdc2 promoter: release of a p130–E2F-4 complex from sequences immediately upstream of the transcription initiation site coincides with induction of cdc2 expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:6901–6913
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verona, R., Moberg, K., Estes, S., Starz, M., Vernon, J. P., and Lees, J. A.. 1997. E2F activity is regulated by cell cycle-dependent changes in subcellular localization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:7268–7282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voso, M. T., Burn, T. C., Wulf, G., Lim, B., Leone, G., and Tenen, D. G.. 1994. Inhibition of hematopoiesis by competitive binding of transcription factor PU.1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7932–7936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, M., Kowalik, T. F., Mudryj, M., Huang, E.-S., and Azizkhan, J. C.. 1992. E2F mediates dihydrofolate reductase promoter activation and multiprotein complex formation in human cytomegalovirus infection. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:4364–4374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, Z. M., Yang, H., and Livingston, D. M.. 1998. Endogenous E2F-1 promotes timely G0 exit of resting mouse embryo fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15583–15586
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinberg, R. A.. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub, S. J., Prater, C. A., and Dean, D. C.. 1992. Retinoblastoma protein switches the E2F site from positive to negative element. Nature 358:259–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub, S. J., Chow, K. N. B., Luo, R. X., Zhang, S. H., He, S., and Dean, D. C.. 1995. Mechanism of active transcriptional repression by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 375:812–815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C. L., Classon, M., Dyson, N., and Harlow, E.. 1996. Expression of dominant-negative mutant DP-1 blocks cell cycle progression in G1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3698–3706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki, L., Jacks, T., Bronson, R., Goillot, E., Harlow, E., and Dyson, N. J.. 1996. Tumor induction and tissue atrophy in mice lacking E2F-1. Cell 85:537–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Z., DeGregori, J., Shohet, R., Leone, G., Stillman, B., Nevins, J. R., and Williams, R. S.. 1998. Cdc6 is regulated by E2F and is essential for DNA replication in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3603–3608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacksenhaus, E., Gill, R. M., Phillips, R. A., and Gallie, B. L.. 1993. Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse RB1 promoter. Oncogene 8:2343–2351
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, H. S., Postigo, A. A., and Dean, D. C.. 1999. Active transcriptional repression by the Rb-E2F complex mediates G1 arrest triggered by p16INK4a, TGFbeta, and contact inhibition. Cell 97:53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwicker, J., Liu, N., Engeland, K., Lucibello, F. C., and Muller, R.. 1996. Cell cycle regulation of E2F site occupation in vivo. Science 271:1595–1597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar