Postrepression Activation of NF-κB Requires the Amino-Terminal Nuclear Export Signal Specific to IκBα

REFERENCES

• Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., J. Thompson, M. S. Rodriguez, F. Bachelerie, D. Thomas, and R. T. Hay. 1995. Inducible nuclear expression of newly synthesized IκBα negatively regulates DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:2689–2696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., T. Turpin, M. Rodriguez, D. Thomas, R. T. Hay, J.-L. Virelizier, and C. Dargemont. 1997. Nuclear localization of IκBα promotes active transport of NF-κB from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. J. Cell Sci. 110:369–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beg, A. A., S. M. Ruben, R. I. Scheinman, S. Haskill, C. A. Rosen, and A. S. J. Baldwin. 1992. IκB interacts with the nuclear localization sequences of the subunits of NF-κB: a mechanism for cytoplasmic retention. Genes Dev. 6:1899–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg, A. A., W. C. Sha, R. T. Bronson, S. Ghosh, and D. Baltimore. 1995. Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-κB. Nature 376:167–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Z. D., J. Xiong, M. Takeuchi, T. Kurama, and D. V. Goeddel. 1996. TRAF6 is a signal transducer for interleukin-1. Nature 383:443–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, J. D., R. P. Ryseck, R. M. Attar, D. Dambach, and R. Bravo. 1998. Functional redundancy of the nuclear factor κB inhibitors IκBα and IκBβ. J. Exp. Med. 188:1055–1062.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng, Q., C. A. Cant, T. Moll, R. Hofer-Warbinek, E. Wagner, M. L. Birnstiel, F. H. Bach, and R. de Martin. 1994. NF-κB subunit-specific regulation of the IκBα promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269:13551–13557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiao, P. J., S. Miyamoto, and I. M. Verma. 1994. Autoregulation of IκBα activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick, C., S.-Y. Na, R. E. Voll, H. Zhong, S.-Y. Im, J. W. Lee, and S. Ghosh. 2000. A subclass of ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IκB. Science 287:869–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornerod, M., M. Ohno, M. Yoshida, and I. W. Mattaj. 1997. CRM1 is an export receptor for leucine-rich nuclear export signals. Cell 90:1051–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda, M., S. Asano, T. Nakamura, M. Adachi, M. Yoshida, M. Yanagida, and N. E.. 1997. CRM1 is responsible for intracellular transport mediated by the nuclear export signal. Nature 390:308–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganchi, P. A., S. C. Sun, W. C. Greene, and D. W. Ballard. 1992. IκB/MAD-3 masks the nuclear localization signal of NF-κB p65 and requires the transactivation domain to inhibit NF-κB p65 DNA binding. Mol. Biol. Cell 3:1339–1352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geisler, R., A. Bergmann, Y. Hiromi, and C. Nusslein-Volhard. 1992. cactus, a gene involved in dorsoventral pattern formation of Drosophila, is related to the IκB gene family of vertebrates. Cell 71:613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., A. M. Gifford, L. R. Riviere, P. Tempst, G. P. Nolan, and D. Baltimore. 1990. Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-κB: homology to rel and dorsal. Cell 62:1019–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S., M. J. May, and E. B. Kopp. 1998. NF-κB and rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16:225–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhaj, E. W., and S. C. Sun. 1999. Regulation of RelA subcellular localization by a putative nuclear export signal and p50. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:7088–7095.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, T. T., N. Kudo, M. Yoshida, and S. Miyamoto. 2000. A nuclear export signal in the N-terminal regulatory domain of IκBα controls cytoplasmic localization of inactive NF-κB/IκBα complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:1014–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, T. T., S. M. Wuerzberger-Davis, B. J. Seufzer, S. D. Shumway, T. Kurama, D. A. Boothman, and S. Miyamoto. 2000. NF-κB activation by camptothecin: a linkage between nuclear DNA damage and cytoplasmic signaling events. J. Biol. Chem. 275:9501–9509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxford, T., D.-B. Huang, S. Malek, and G. Ghosh. 1998. The crystal structure of the IκBa/NF-κB complex reveals mechanisms of NF-κB inactivation. Cell 95:759–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, J., L. D. Kerr, A. Kakizuka, and I. M. Verma. 1992. IκBγ, a 70 kd protein identical to the C-terminal half of p110 NF-κB: a new member of the IκB family. Cell 68:1109–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, C. Y., A. G. Kazantsev, and A. S. J. Baldwin. 1994. Three NF-κB sites in the IκBα promoter are required for induction of gene expression by TNFα. Nucleic Acids Res. 22:3787–3792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobs, M. D., and S. C. Harrison. 1998. Structure of an IκBα/NF-κB complex. Cell 95:749–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C., D. V. Antwerp, and T. J. Hope. 1999. An N-terminal nuclear export signal is required for the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of IκBα. EMBO J. 18:6682–6693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaffman, A., and E. K. O'Shea. 1999. Regulation of nuclear localization: a key to a door. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15:291–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo, N., N. Matsumori, H. Taoka, D. Fujiwara, E. P. Schreiner, B. Wolff, M. Yoshida, and S. Horinouchi. 1999. Leptomycin B inactivates CRM1/exportin 1 by covalent modification at a cysteine residue in the central conserved region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:9112–9117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo, N., B. Wolff, T. Sekimoto, E. P. Schreiner, Y. Yoneda, M. Yanagida, S. Horinouchi, and M. Yoshida. 1998. Leptomycin B inhibition of signal-mediated nuclear export by direct binding to CRM1. Exp. Cell Res. 242:540–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bail, O., R. Schmidt-Ullrich, and A. Israel. 1993. Promoter analysis of the gene encoding the IκBα/MAD3 inhibitor of NF-κB: positive regulation by members of the rel/NF-κB family. EMBO J. 12:5043–5049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattaj, I. W., and L. Englmeier. 1998. Nucleocytoplasmic transport: the soluble phase. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67:265–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercurio, F., J. A. DiDonato, C. Rosette, and M. Karin. 1993. p105 and p98 precursor proteins play an active role in NF-κB-mediated signal transduction. Genes Dev. 7:705–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto, S., P. J. Chiao, and I. M. Verma. 1994. Enhanced IκBα degradation is responsible for constitutive NF-κB activity in mature murine B-cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:3276–3282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyamoto, S., B. Seufzer, and S. Shumway. 1998. Novel IκBα degradation process in WEHI231 murine immature B cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:19–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naviaux, R. K., E. Costanzi, M. Hass, and I. M. Verma. 1996. The pCL vector system—rapid production of helper-free, high-titer, recombinant retroviruses. J. Virol. 70:5701–5705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri, A., C. C. Chang, L. Lombardi, M. Salina, P. Corradini, A. T. Maiolo, R. S. Chaganti, and R. Dalla-Favera. 1991. B cell lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation involves candidate oncogene lyt-10, homologous to NF-κB p50. Cell 67:1075–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno, H., G. Takimoto, and T. W. McKeithan. 1990. The candidate proto-oncogene bcl-3 is related to genes implicated in cell lineage determination and cell cycle control. Cell 60:991–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ossareh-Nazari, B., F. Bachelerie, and C. Dargemont. 1997. Evidence for a role of CRM1 in signal-mediated nuclear protein export. Science 278:141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, C. B., L. L. Sengchanthalangsy, T. Huxford, and G. Ghosh. 2000. Mechanisms of IκBα binding to NF-κB dimers. J. Biol. Chem. 275:29840–29846.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rice, N. R., M. L. MacKichan, and A. Israel. 1992. The precursor of NF-κB p50 has IκB-like functions. Cell 71:243–253.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez, M. S., J. Thompson, R. T. Hay, and C. Dargemont. 1999. Nuclear retention of IκBα protects it from signal-induced degradation and inhibits nuclear factor κB transcriptional activation. J. Biol. Chem. 274:9108–9115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev, S., S. Bagchi, D. D. Zhang, A. C. Mings, and M. Hannink. 2000. Nuclear import of IκBα is accomplished by a ran-independent transport pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:1571–1582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev, S., and M. Hannink. 1998. Loss of IκBα-mediated control over nuclear import and DNA binding enables oncogenic activation of c-Rel. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5445–5456.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stade, K., C. S. Ford, C. Guthrie, and K. Weis. 1997. Exportin 1 (Crm1p) is an essential nuclear export factor. Cell 90:1041–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, S. C., P. A. Ganchi, D. W. Ballard, and W. C. Greene. 1993. NF-κB controls expression of inhibitor IκBα: evidence for an inducible autoregulatory pathway. Science 259:1912–1915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, W. F., L. H. Lee, L. Davis, and R. Sen. 2000. Cytoplasmic sequestration of rel proteins by IκBα requires Crm1-dependent nuclear export. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:2269–2284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson, J. E., R. J. Phillips, H. Erdjument-Bromage, P. Tempst, and S. Ghosh. 1995. IκBβ regulates the persistent response in a biphasic activation of NF-κB. Cell 80:573–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, I. M., J. K. Stevenson, E. M. Schwarz, D. Van Antwerp, and S. Miyamoto. 1995. Rel/NF-κB/IκB family: intimate tales of association and dissociation. Genes Dev. 9:2723–2735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, S. T., J.-C. Epinat, N. R. Rice, and A. Israel. 1997. IκBɛ, a novel member of the IκB family, controls RelA and cRel NF-κB activity. EMBO J. 16:1413–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel, U., and P. A. Baeuerle. 1990. Purified human IκB can rapidly dissociate the complex of the NF-κB transcription factor with its cognate DNA. Cell 61:255–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar