Essential Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 in Adipocyte Differentiation

REFERENCES

• Akira, S., H. Isshiki, T. Sugita, O. Tanabe, S. Kinoshita, Y. Nishio, T. Nakajima, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1990. A nuclear factor for IL-6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 9:1897–1906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altiok, S., M. Xu, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1997. PPARγ induces cell cycle withdrawal: inhibition of E2F/DP DNA-binding activity via down-regulation of PP2A. Genes Dev. 11:1987–1998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruning, J. C., J. Winnay, B. Cheatham, and C. R. Kahn. 1997. Differential signaling by insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and IRS-2 in IRS-1-deficient cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1513–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Z., R. M. Umek, and S. L. McKnight. 1991. Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3–L1 cells. Genes Dev. 5:1538–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalioto, R. M., D. Gailard, G. Ailhaud, and R. Negrel. 1992. Terminal differentiation of mouse preadipocyte cells: the mitogenic-adipogenic role of growth hormone is mediated by the protein kinase C signalling pathway. Growth Factors 6:255–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaika, O. V., N. Chaika, D. J. Volle, P. A. Wilden, S. J. Pirrucello, and R. E. Lewis. 1997. CSF-1 receptor/insulin receptor chimera permits CSF-1-dependent differentiation of 3T3–L1 preadipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:11968–11974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C. J., T. T. Chen, H. Y. Lei, D. S. Chen, and S. C. Lee. 1990. Molecular cloning of a transcription factor, AGP/EBP, that belongs to members of the C/EBP family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6642–6653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christy, R. J., K. H. Kaestner, D. E. Geiman, and M. D. Lane. 1991. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gene promoter: binding of nuclear factors during differentiation of 3T3–L1 preadipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2593–2597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christy, R. J., V. W. Yang, J. M. Ntambi, D. E. Geiman, W. H. Landschulz, A. D. Friedman, Y. Nakabeppu, T. J. Kelly, and M. D. Lane. 1989. Differentiation-induced gene expression in 3T3–L1 preadipocytes: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein interacts with and activates the promoters of two adipocyte-specific genes. Genes Dev. 3:1323–1335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Descombes, P., M. Chojkier, S. Lichtsteiner, E. Falvey, and U. Schibler. 1990. LAP, a novel member of the C/EBP gene family, encodes a liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein. Genes Dev. 4:1541–1551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foretz, M., C. Pacot, I. Dugail, P. Lemarchand, C. Guichard, X. Le Liepvre, C. Berthelier-Lubrano, B. Spiegelman, J. B. Kim, P. Ferre, and F. Foufelle. 1999. ADD1/SREBP-1c is required in the activation of hepatic lipogenic gene expression by glucose. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:3760–3768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freytag, S. O., D. L. Paielli, and J. D. Gilbert. 1994. Ectopic expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha promotes the adipogenic program in a variety of mouse fibroblastic cells. Genes Dev. 8:1654–1663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, H., M. Morikawa, and T. Nixon. 1985. A dual effector theory of growth-hormone action. Differentiation 29:195–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guller, S., R. E. Corin, K. Yuan-Wu, and M. Sonenberg. 1991. Up-regulation of vinculin expression in 3T3 preadipose cells by growth hormone. Endocrinology 129:527–533.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu, E., P. Tontonoz, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1995. Transdifferentiation of myoblasts by the adipogenic transcription factors PPAR gamma and C/EBP alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:9856–9860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama, R., Y. Sasai, and S. Nakanishi. 1991. Molecular characterization of transcription factors that bind to the cAMP responsive region of the substance P precursor gene. cDNA cloning of a novel C/EBP-related factor. J. Biol. Chem. 266:15525–15531.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, J. B., and B. M. Spiegelman. 1996. ADD1/SREBP1 promotes adipocyte differentiation and gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism. Genes Dev. 10:1096–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. B., H. M. Wright, M. Wright, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1998. ADD1/SREBP1 activates PPARγ through the production of endogenous ligand. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:4333–4337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer, S. A., B. M. Forman, B. Blumberg, E. S. Ong, U. Borgmeyer, D. J. Mangelsdorf, K. Umesono, and R. M. Evans. 1994. Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7355–7359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn, A. D., S. A. Summers, M. J. Birnbaum, and R. A. Roth. 1996. Expression of a constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3–L1 adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 271:31372–31378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, N., Y. Terauchi, H. Miki, H. Tamemoto, T. Yamauchi, K. Komeda, S. Satoh, R. Nakano, C. Ishii, T. Sugiyama, K. Eto, Y. Tsubamoto, A. Okuno, K. Murakami, H. Sekihara, G. Hasegawa, M. Naito, Y. Toyoshima, S. Tanaka, K. Shiota, T. Kitamura, T. Fujita, O. Ezaki, S. Aizawa, R. Nagai, K. Tobe, S. Kimura, and T. Kadowaki. 1999. PPAR gamma mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance. Mol. Cell 4:597–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota, N., K. Tobe, Y. Terauchi, K. Eto, T. Yamauchi, R. Suzuki, Y. Tsubamoto, K. Komeda, R. Nakano, H. Miki, S. Satoh, H. Sekihara, S. Sciacchitano, M. Lesniak, Y. Akanuma, S. Aizawa, R. Nagai, S. Kimura, S. Taylor, and T. Kadowaki. 2000. Disruption of insulin receptor substrate-2 causes type 2 diabetes due to liver insulin resistance and lack of compensatory β-cell hyperplasia. Diabetes 49:1800–1889.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, F. T., and M. D. Lane. 1994. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha is sufficient to initiate the 3T3–L1 adipocyte differentiation program. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8757–8761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magun, R., B. M. Burgering, P. J. Coffer, D. Pardasani, Y. Lin, J. Chabot, and A. Sorisky. 1996. Expression of a constitutively activated form of protein kinase B (c-Akt) in 3T3–L1 preadipose cells causes spontaneous differentiation. Endocrinology 137:3590–3593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandrup, S., and M. D. Lane. 1997. Regulating adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 272:5367–5370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, M. G. Jr., X. J. Sun, B. Cheatham, B. R. Jachna, E. M. Glasheen, J. M. Backer, and M. F. White. 1993. IRS-1 is a common element in insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I signaling to the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. Endocrinology 132:1421–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onishi, M., T. Nosaka, K. Misawa, A. L. Mui, D. Gorman, M. McMahon, A. Miyajima, and T. Kitamura. 1998. Identification and characterization of a constitutively active STAT5 mutant that promotes cell proliferation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:3871–3879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridderstrale, M., E. Degerman, and H. Tornqvist. 1995. Growth hormone stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 and its association with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in primary adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270:3471–3474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen, E. D., P. Sarraf, A. E. Troy, G. Bradwin, K. Moore, D. S. Milstone, B. M. Spiegelman, and R. M. Mortensen. 1999. PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Cell 4:611–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, E. D., C. J. Walkey, P. Puigserver, and B. M. Spiegelman. 2000. Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Genes Dev 14:1293–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaue, H., W. Ogawa, M. Matsumoto, S. Kuroda, M. Takata, T. Sugimoto, B. M. Spiegelman, and M. Kasuga. 1998. Posttranscriptional control of adipocyte differentiation through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273:28945–28952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson, L., K. Stromberg, K. Vikman, G. Bjursell, and S. Enerback. 1991. The CCAAT/enhancer binding protein and its role in adipocyte differentiation: evidence for direct involvement in terminal adipocyte development. EMBO J. 10:3787–3793.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoonjans, K., J. Peinado-Onsurbe, A. M. Lefebvre, R. A. Heyman, M. Briggs, S. Deeb, B. Staels, and J. Auwerx. 1996. PPARα and PPARγ activators direct a distinct tissue-specific transcriptional response via a PPRE in the lipoprotein lipase gene. EMBO J. 15:5336–5348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimano, H., N. Yahagi, M. Amemiya-Kudo, A. H. Hasty, J. Osuga, Y. Tamura, F. Shionoiri, Y. Iizuka, K. Ohashi, K. Harada, T. Gotoda, S. Ishibashi, and N. Yamada. 1999. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 as a key transcription factor for nutritional induction of lipogenic enzyme genes. J. Biol. Chem. 274:35832–35839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura, I., H. Shimano, J. D. Horton, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown. 1997. Differential expression of exons 1a and 1c in mRNAs for sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human and mouse organs and cultured cells. J. Clin. Investig. 99:838–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelman, B. M., E. Hu, J. B. Kim, and R. Brun. 1997. PPAR gamma and the control of adipogenesis. Biochimie 79:111–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, X. J., L. M. Wang, Y. Zhang, L. Yenush, M. G. Myers Jr., E. Glasheen, W. S. Lane, J. H. Pierce, and M. F. White. 1995. Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signalling. Nature 377:173–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamemoto, H., T. Kadowaki, K. Tobe, T. Yagi, H. Sakura, T. Hayakawa, Y. Terauchi, K. Ueki, Y. Kaburagi, S. Satoh, H. Sekihara, S. Yoshioka, H. Horikoshi, Y. Furuta, Y. Ikawa, M. Kasuga, Y. Yazaki, and S. Aizawa. 1994. Insulin resistance and growth retardation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. Nature 372:182–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, T., N. Yoshida, T. Kishimoto, and S. Akira. 1997. Defective adipocyte differentiation in mice lacking the C/EBPβ and/or C/EBPδ gene. EMBO J. 16:7432–7443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomiyama, K., H. Nakata, H. Sasa, S. Arimura, E. Nishio, and Y. Watanabe. 1995. Wortmannin, a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, inhibits adipocytic differentiation of 3T3–L1 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212:263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontonoz, P., E. Hu, J. Devine, E. G. Beale, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1995. PPAR gamma 2 regulates adipose expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontonoz, P., E. Hu, R. A. Graves, A. I. Budavari, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1994. mPPARγ 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev. 8:1224–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontonoz, P., E. Hu, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1995. Regulation of adipocyte gene expression and differentiation by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 5:571–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontonoz, P., E. Hu, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1994. Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPARγ 2, a lipid-activated transcription factor. Cell 79:1147–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tontonoz, P., J. B. Kim, R. A. Graves, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1993. ADD1: a novel helix-loop-helix transcription factor associated with adipocyte determination and differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4753–4759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umek, R. M., A. D. Friedman, and S. L. McKnight. 1991. CCAAT-enhancer binding protein: a component of a differentiation switch. Science 251:288–292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Usui, I., T. Haruta, M. Iwata, A. Takano, T. Uno, J. Kawahara, E. Ueno, T. Sasaoka, and M. Kobayashi. 2000. Retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation via PI 3-kinase and mTOR pathway regulates adipocyte differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 275:115–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, N. D., M. J. Finegold, A. Bradley, C. N. Ou, S. V. Abdelsayed, M. D. Wilde, L. R. Taylor, D. R. Wilson, and G. J. Darlington. 1995. Impaired energy homeostasis in C/EBPα knockout mice. Science 269:1108–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. C., C. A. Cantwell, and P. F. Johnson. 1991. A family of C/EBP-related proteins capable of forming covalently linked leucine zipper dimers in vitro. Genes Dev. 5:1553–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., N. L. Bucher, and S. R. Farmer. 1996. Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes is mediated by C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, and glucocorticoids. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:4128–4136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., E. D. Rosen, R. Brun, S. Hauser, G. Adelmant, A. E. Troy, C. McKeon, G. J. Darlington, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1999. Cross-regulation of C/EBPα and PPARγ controls the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. Mol. Cell 3:151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., Y. Xie, N. L. Bucher, and S. R. Farmer. 1995. Conditional ectopic expression of C/EBPβ in NIH-3T3 cells induces PPARγ and stimulates adipogenesis. Genes Dev. 9:2350–2363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., Y. Xie, R. F. Morrison, N. L. Bucher, and S. R. Farmer. 1998. PPARγ induces the insulin-dependent glucose transporter GLUT4 in the absence of C/EBPα during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes. J. Clin. Investig. 101:22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, X., and G. Serrero. 1999. Inhibition of adipose differentiation by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors. J. Cell Physiol. 178:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi, T., K. Tobe, H. Tamemoto, K. Ueki, Y. Kaburagi, R. Yamamoto-Honda, Y. Takahashi, F. Yoshizawa, S. Aizawa, Y. Akanuma, N. Sonenberg, Y. Yazaki, and T. Kadowaki. 1996. Insulin signalling and insulin actions in the muscles and livers of insulin-resistant, insulin receptor substrate 1-deficient mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:3074–3084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, W. C., Z. Cao, M. Classon, and S. L. McKnight. 1995. Cascade regulation of terminal adipocyte differentiation by three members of the C/EBP family of leucine zipper proteins. Genes Dev. 9:168–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar