Generation of Multiple Isoforms of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4GI by Use of Alternate Translation Initiation Codons

REFERENCES

• Aldabe, R., E. Feduchi, I. Novoa, and L. Carrasco. 1995. Efficient cleavage of p220 by poliovirus 2A(pro) expression in mammalian cells: effects on vaccinia virus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215: 928–936.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aragon, T., S. de La Luna, I. Novoa, L. Carrasco, J. Ortin, and A. Nieto. 2000. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI is a cellular target for NS1 protein, a translational activator of influenza virus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 6259–6268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borman, A. M., R. Kirchweger, E. Ziegler, R. E. Rhoads, T. Skern, and K. M. Kean. 1997. elF4G and its proteolytic cleavage products: effect on initiation of protein synthesis from capped, uncapped, and IRES-containing mRNAs. RNA 3: 186–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borman, A. M., Y. M. Michel, and K. M. Kean. 2000. Biochemical characterisation of cap-poly (A) synergy in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: the eIF4G-PABP interaction increases the functional affinity of eIF4E for the capped mRNA 5′ end. Nucleic Acids Res. 28: 4068–4075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bovee, M. L., B. Lamphear, R. E. Rhoads, and R. E. Lloyd. 1998. Direct cleavage of eIF4G by poliovirus 2A protease is inefficient in vitro. Virology 245: 241–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradley, C. A., J. C. Padovan, T. L. Thompson, C. A. Benoit, B. T. Chait, and R. E. Rhoads. 2002. Mass spectrometric analysis of the N terminus of translational initiation factor eIF4G-1 reveals novel isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 12559–12571.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buck, C., X. Shen, M. Egan, T. Pierson, C. Walker, and R. Siliciano. 2001. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene encodes an internal ribosome entry site. J. Virol. 75: 181–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen, C.-Y. A., N. Xu, and A.-B. Shyu. 1995. mRNA decay mediated by two distinct AU-rich elements from c-fos and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor transcripts: different deadenylation kinetics and uncoupling from translation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 5777–5788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chizhikov, V., and J. T. Patton. 2000. A four-nucleotide translation enhancer in the 3′-terminal consensus sequence of the nonpolyadenylated mRNAs of rotavirus. RNA 6: 814–825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu, G., and P. Sharp. 1981. SV40 DNA transfection of cells in suspension: analysis of efficiency of transcription and translation of T-antigen. Gene 13: 197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens, M. J., M. Bushell, and S. J. Morley. 1998. Degradation of eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor (eIF) 4G in response to induction of apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines. Oncogene 17: 2921–2931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuesta, R., G. Laroia, and R. J. Schneider. 2000. Chaperone hsp27 inhibits translation during heat shock by binding eIF4G and facilitating dissociation of cap-initiation complexes. Genes Dev. 14: 1460–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuesta, R., Q. Xi, and R. J. Schneider. 2000. Adenovirus-specific translation by displacement of kinase Mnk1 from cap-initiation complex eIF4F. EMBO J. 19: 3465–3474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Gregorio, E., T. Preiss, and M. W. Hentze. 1999. Translation driven by an eIF4G core domain in vivo. EMBO J. 18: 4865–4874.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edskes, H. K., J. M. Kiernan, and R. J. Shepherd. 1996. Efficient translation of distal cistrons of a polycistronic mRNA of a plant pararetrovirus requires a compatible interaction between the mRNA 3′ end and the proteinaceous trans-activator. Virology 224: 564–567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etchison, D., and S. Fout. 1985. Human rhinovirus 14 infection of HeLa cells results in the proteolytic cleavage of the p220 cap-binding complex subunit and inactivates globin mRNA translation in vitro. J. Virol. 54: 634–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etchison, D., S. C. Milburn, I. Edery, N. Sonenberg, and J. W. B. Hershey. 1982. Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis following poliovirus infection correlates with the proteolysis of a 220,000-dalton polypeptide associated with eukaryotic initiation factor 3 and a cap binding protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 257: 14806–14810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, W., and R. E. Rhoads. 1996. Internal initiation of translation directed by the 5′-untranslated region of the mRNA for eIF4G, a factor involved in the picornavirus-induced switch from cap-dependent to internal initiation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 623–626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gan, W. N., M. Lacelle, and R. E. Rhoads. 1998. Functional characterization of the internal ribosome entry site of eIF4G mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5006–5012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gingras, A. C., B. Raught, and N. Sonenberg. 1999. eIF4 initiation factors: effectors of mRNA recruitment to ribosomes and regulators of translation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 68: 913–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradi, A., H. Imataka, Y. V. Svitkin, E. Rom, B. Raught, S. Morino, and N. Sonenberg. 1998. A novel functional human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 334–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradi, A., Y. V. Svitkin, H. Imataka, and N. Sonenberg. 1998. Proteolysis of human eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4GII, but not eIF4GI, coincides with the shutoff of host protein synthesis after poliovirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11089–11094.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grifo, J. A., S. A. Tahara, M. A. Morgan, A. J. Shatkin, and W. C. Merrick. 1983. New initiation factor activity required for globin mRNA translation. J. Biol. Chem. 258: 5804–5810.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honda, M., S. Kaneko, E. Matsushita, K. Kobayashi, G. Abell, and S. Lemon. 2000. Cell cycle regulation of hepatitis C virus internal ribosomal entry site-directed translation. Gastroenterology 118: 152–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imataka, H., A. Gradi, and N. Sonenberg. 1998. A newly identified N-terminal amino acid sequence of human eIF4G binds poly(A)-binding protein and functions in poly(A)-dependent translation. EMBO J. 17: 7480–7489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joachims, M., P. C. van Breugel, and R. E. Lloyd. 1999. Cleavage of poly(A)-binding protein by enterovirus proteases concurrent with inhibition of translation in vitro. J. Virol. 73: 718–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannes, G., and P. Sarnow. 1998. Cap-independent polysomal association of natural mRNAs encoding c-myc, BiP and eIF4G conferred by internal ribosome entry sites. RNA 4: 1500–1513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshi, B., R. Q. Yan, and R. E. Rhoads. 1994. In vitro synthesis of human protein synthesis initiation factor-4 gamma and its localization on 43-S and 48-S initiation complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 2048–2055.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolupaeva, V. G., T. V. Pestova, C. U. Hellen, and I. N. Shatsky. 1998. Translation eukaryotic initiation factor 4G recognizes a specific structural element within the internal ribosome entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 18599–18604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korneeva, N. L., B. J. Lamphear, F. L. C. Hennigan, W. C. Merrick, and R. E. Rhoads. 2001. Characterization of the two eIF4A-binding sites on human eIF4G-1. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 2872–2879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1992. Regulation of translation in eukaryotic systems. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8: 197–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamphear, B. J., R. Kirchweger, T. Skern, and R. E. Rhoads. 1995. Mapping of functional domains in eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) with picornaviral proteases: implications for cap-dependent and cap-independent translational initiation. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 21975–21983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamphear, B. J., and R. Panniers. 1991. Heat shock impairs the interaction of cap-binding protein complex with 5′ messenger RNA cap. J. Biol. Chem. 266:2789–2794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamphear, B. J., R. Q. Yan, F. Yang, D. Waters, H. D. Liebig, H. Klump, E. Kuechler, T. Skern, and R. E. Rhoads. 1993. Mapping the cleavage site in protein synthesis initiation factor-eIF-4γ of the 2A proteases from human coxsackievirus and rhinovirus. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 19200–19203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le, H., R. L. Tanguay, M. L. Balasta, C.-C. Wei, K. S. Browning, A. M. Metz, D. J. Goss, and D. R. Gallie. 1997. Translation initiation factors eIF-iso4G and eIF-4B interact with the poly(A)-binding protein and increase its RNA binding activity. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 16247–16255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, R. E., H. G. Jense, and E. Ehrenfeld. 1987. Restriction of translation of capped mRNA in vitro as a model for poliovirus-induced inhibition of host cell protein synthesis: relationship to p220 cleavage. J. Virol. 61: 2480–2488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomakin, I. B., C. U. Hellen, and T. V. Pestova. 2000. Physical association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) with eIF4A strongly enhances binding of eIF4G to the internal ribosomal entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus and is required for internal initiation of translation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 6019–6029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mader, S., H. Lee, A. Pause, and N. Sonenberg. 1995. The translation initiation factor eIF-4E binds to a common motif shared by the translation factor eIF-4γ and the translational repressors 4E-binding proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 4990–4997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotrigiano, J., I. B. Lomakin, N. Sonenberg, T. V. Pestova, C. U. Hellen, and S. K. Burley. 2001. A conserved HEAT domain within eIF4G directs assembly of the translation initiation machinery. Mol. Cell 7: 193–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marissen, W. E., A. Gradi, N. Sonenberg, and R. E. Lloyd. 2000. Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GII correlates with translation inhibition during apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 7: 1234–1243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marissen, W. E., and R. E. Lloyd. 1998. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G is targeted for proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 during inhibition of translation in apoptotic cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 7565–7574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michel, Y. M., D. Poncet, M. Piron, K. M. Kean, and A. M. Borman. 2000. Cap-poly(A) synergy in mammalian cell-free extracts. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 32268–32276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morino, S., H. Imataka, Y. V. Svitkin, T. V. Pestova, and N. Sonenberg. 2000. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) site and the middle one-third of eIF4GI constitute the core domain for cap-dependent translation, and the C-terminal one-third functions as modulatory region. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 468–477.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morley, S. J., P. S. Curtis, and V. M. Pain. 1997. eIF4G: translation's mystery factor begins to yield its secrets. RNA 3: 1085–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyronnet, S., H. Imataka, A. C. Gingras, R. Fukunaga, T. Hunter, and N. Sonenberg. 1999. Human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) recruits mnk1 to phosphorylate eIF4E. EMBO J. 18: 270–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raught, B., A.-C. Gingras, S. P. Gygi, H. Imataka, S. Morino, A. Gradi, R. Aebersold, and N. Sonenberg. 2000. Serum-stimulated, rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation sites in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI. EMBO J. 19: 434–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, J. K., H. Trachsel, K. Leong, and D. Baltimore. 1978. Inhibition of translation by poliovirus: inactivation of a specific initiation factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 2732–2736.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheper, G. C., N. A. Morrice, M. Kleijn, and C. G. Proud. 2001. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal-integrating kinase Mnk2 is a eukaryotic initiation factor 4E kinase with high levels of basal activity in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 743–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, I., A. Itin, P. Einat, R. Skaliter, Z. Grossman, and E. Keshet. 1998. Translation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by internal ribosome entry: implications for translation under hypoxia. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 3112–3119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarun, S. Z., and A. B. Sachs. 1996. Association of the yeast poly(A) tail binding protein with translation initiation factor eIF-4G. EMBO J. 15: 7168–7177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarun, S. Z., and A. B. Sachs. 1995. A common function for mRNA 5′ and 3′ ends in translation initiation in yeast. Genes Dev. 9: 2997–3007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei, C. C., M. L. Balasta, J. H. Ren, and D. J. Goss. 1998. Wheat germ poly(a) binding protein enhances the binding affinity of eukaryotic initiation factor 4f and (iso)4f for cap analogues. Biochemistry 37: 1910–1916.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells, S. E., P. E. Hillner, R. D. Vale, and A. B. Sachs. 1998. Circularization of mRNA by eukaryotic translation initiation factors. Mol. Cell 2: 135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, R., W. Rychlik, D. Etchison, and R. E. Rhoads. 1992. Amino acid sequence of the human protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4γ. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 23226–23231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zamora, M., W. E. Marissen, and R. E. Lloyd. 2002. Multiple eIF4GI-specific protease activities present in uninfected and poliovirus-infected cells. J. Virol. 76: 165–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar