Occupancy and Function of the −150 Sterol Regulatory Element and −65 E-Box in Nutritional Regulation of the Fatty Acid Synthase Gene in Living Animals

REFERENCES

• Alberti, S., G. Schuster, P. Parini, D. Feltkamp, U. Diczfalusy, M. Rudling, B. Angelin, I. Bjorkhem, S. Pettersson, and J. A. Gustafsson. 2001. Hepatic cholesterol metabolism and resistance to dietary cholesterol in LXRbeta-deficient mice. J. Clin. Investig. 107: 565–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanikar, J. N., H. B. Sanchez, and T. F. Osborne. 1997. Promoter selective transcriptional synergy mediated by sterol regulatory element binding protein and Sp1: a critical role for the Btd domain of Sp1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 5193–5200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett, M. K., J. M. Lopez, H. B. Sanchez, and T. F. Osborne. 1995. Sterol regulation of fatty acid synthase promoter. Coordinate feedback regulation of two major lipid pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 25578–25583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, M. K., and T. F. Osborne. 2000. Nutrient regulation of gene expression by the sterol regulatory element binding proteins: increased recruitment of gene-specific coregulatory factors and selective hyperacetylation of histone H3 in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 6340–6344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyd, K. E., and P. J. Farnham. 1999. Coexamination of site-specific transcription factor binding and promoter activity in living cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 8393–8399.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casado, M., V. S. Vallet, A. Kahn, and S. Vaulont. 1999. Essential role in vivo of upstream stimulatory factors for a normal dietary response of the fatty acid synthase gene in the liver. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 2009–2013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochary, E. F., Z. Kikinis, and K. E. Paulson. 1993. Positional and temporal regulation of lipogenic gene expression in mouse liver. Gene Expr. 3: 265–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ericsson, J., and P. A. Edwards. 1998. CBP is required for sterol-regulated and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-regulated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 17865–17870.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ericsson, J., S. M. Jackson, and P. A. Edwards. 1996. Synergistic binding of sterol regulatory element-binding protein and NF-Y to the farnesyl diphosphate synthase promoter is critical for sterol-regulated expression of the gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 24359–24364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foretz, M., C. Pacot, I. Dugail, P. Lemarchand, C. Guichard, X. Le Liepvre, C. Berthelier-Lubrano, B. Spiegelman, J. B. Kim, P. Ferre, and F. Foufelle. 1999. ADD1/SREBP-1c is required in the activation of hepatic lipogenic gene expression by glucose. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 3760–3768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, G., P. Dai, and I. Shechter. 1998. Differential transcriptional regulation of the human squalene synthase gene by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) 1a and 2 and involvement of 5′ DNA sequence elements in the regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 12526–12535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guan, G., P. H. Dai, T. F. Osborne, J. B. Kim, and I. Shechter. 1997. Multiple sequence elements are involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human squalene synthase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 10295–10302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillgartner, F. B., L. M. Salati, and A. G. Goodridge. 1995. Physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in nutritional regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Physiol. Rev. 75: 47–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, J. D., Y. Bashmakov, I. Shimomura, and H. Shimano. 1998. Regulation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in livers of fasted and refed mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 5987–5992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, J. D., J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown. 2002. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J. Clin. Investig. 109: 1125–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iritani, N., H. Fukuda, and K. Tada. 1996. Nutritional regulation of lipogenic enzyme gene expression in rat epididymal adipose tissue. J. Biochem. (Tokyo). 120: 242–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joseph, S. B., B. A. Laffitte, P. H. Patel, M. A. Watson, K. E. Matsukuma, R. Walczak, J. L. Collins, T. F. Osborne, and P. Tontonoz. 2002. Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 11019–11025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. B., P. Sarraf, M. Wright, K. M. Yao, E. Mueller, G. Solanes, B. B. Lowell, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1998. Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1. J. Clin. Investig. 101: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. B., G. D. Spotts, Y. D. Halvorsen, H. M. Shih, T. Ellenberger, H. C. Towle, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1995. Dual DNA binding specificity of ADD1/SREBP1 controlled by a single amino acid in the basic helix-loop-helix domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 2582–2588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakshmanan, M. R., C. M. Nepokroeff, and J. W. Porter. 1972. Control of the synthesis of fatty acid synthetase in rat liver by insulin, glucagon, and adenosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69: 3516–3519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Latasa, M. J., Y. S. Moon, K. H. Kim, and H. S. Sul. 2000. Nutritional regulation of the fatty acid synthase promoter in vivo: sterol regulatory element binding protein functions through an upstream region containing a sterol regulatory element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 10619–10624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, G., J. Yang, J. D. Horton, R. E. Hammer, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown. 2002. Diminished hepatic response to fasting/refeeding and liver X receptor agonists in mice with selective deficiency of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 9520–9528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, J. M., M. K. Bennett, H. B. Sanchez, J. M. Rosenfeld, and T. F. Osborne. 1996. Sterol regulation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase: a mechanism for coordinate control of cellular lipid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 1049–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magana, M. M., S. H. Koo, H. C. Towle, and T. F. Osborne. 2000. Different sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 isoforms utilize distinct co-regulatory factors to activate the promoter for fatty acid synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 4726–4733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magana, M. M., and T. F. Osborne. 1996. Two tandem binding sites for sterol regulatory element binding proteins are required for sterol regulation of fatty acid synthase promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 32689–32694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, Y. S., M. J. Latasa, M. J. Griffin, and H. S. Sul. 2002. Suppression of fatty acid synthase promoter by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Lipid Res. 43: 691–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, Y. S., M. J. Latasa, K. H. Kim, D. Wang, and H. S. Sul. 2000. Two 5′-regions are required for nutritional and insulin regulation of the fatty-acid synthase promoter in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 10121–10127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naar, A. M., P. A. Beaurang, K. M. Robinson, J. D. Oliner, D. Avizonis, S. Scheek, J. Zwicker, J. T. Kadonaga, and R. Tjian. 1998. Chromatin, TAFs, and a novel multiprotein coactivator are required for synergistic activation by Sp1 and SREBP-1a in vitro. Genes Dev. 12: 3020–3031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliner, J. D., J. M. Andresen, S. K. Hansen, S. Zhou, and R. Tjian. 1996. SREBP transcriptional activity is mediated through an interaction with the CREB-binding protein. Genes Dev. 10: 2903–2911.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paulauskis, J. D., and H. S. Sul. 1988. Cloning and expression of mouse fatty acid synthase and other specific mRNAs. Developmental and hormonal regulation in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 7049–7054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulauskis, J. D., and H. S. Sul. 1989. Hormonal regulation of mouse fatty acid synthase gene transcription in liver. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 574–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet, D. J., S. D. Turley, W. Ma, B. A. Janowski, J. M. Lobaccaro, R. E. Hammer, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 1998. Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Cell 93: 693–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repa, J. J., G. Liang, J. Ou, Y. Bashmakov, J. M. Lobaccaro, I. Shimomura, B. Shan, M. S. Brown, J. L. Goldstein, and D. J. Mangelsdorf. 2000. Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta. Genes Dev. 14: 2819–2830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roder, K., M. J. Latasa, and H. S. Sul. 2002. Murine H-rev107 gene encoding a class II tumor suppressor: gene organization and identification of an Sp1/Sp3-binding GC-box required for its transcription. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 293: 793–799.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roder, K., S. S. Wolf, K. F. Beck, and M. Schweizer. 1997. Cooperative binding of NF-Y and Sp1 at the DNase I-hypersensitive site, fatty acid synthase insulin-responsive element 1, located at −500 in the rat fatty acid synthase promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 21616–21624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roder, K., S. S. Wolf, K. F. Beck, S. Sickinger, and M. Schweizer. 1997. NF-Y binds to the inverted CCAAT box, an essential element for cAMP-dependent regulation of the rat fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene. Gene 184: 21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roder, K., S. S. Wolf, K. J. Larkin, and M. Schweizer. 1999. Interaction between the two ubiquitously expressed transcription factors NF-Y and Sp1. Gene 234: 61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roder, K. H., S. S. Wolf, and M. Schweizer. 1997. Interaction of Sp1 and NF-Y in the diet-induced regulation of the rat fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25: 72S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schultz, J. R., H. Tu, A. Luk, J. J. Repa, J. C. Medina, L. Li, S. Schwendner, S. Wang, M. Thoolen, D. J. Mangelsdorf, K. D. Lustig, and B. Shan. 2000. Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Genes Dev. 14: 2831–2838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimano, H., J. D. Horton, R. E. Hammer, I. Shimomura, M. S. Brown, and J. L. Goldstein. 1996. Overproduction of cholesterol and fatty acids causes massive liver enlargement in transgenic mice expressing truncated SREBP-1a. J. Clin. Investig. 98: 1575–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimano, H., N. Yahagi, M. Amemiya-Kudo, A. H. Hasty, J. Osuga, Y. Tamura, F. Shionoiri, Y. Iizuka, K. Ohashi, K. Harada, T. Gotoda, S. Ishibashi, and N. Yamada. 1999. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 as a key transcription factor for nutritional induction of lipogenic enzyme genes. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 35832–35839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura, I., Y. Bashmakov, S. Ikemoto, J. D. Horton, M. S. Brown, and J. L. Goldstein. 1999. Insulin selectively increases SREBP-1c mRNA in the livers of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 13656–13661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura, I., H. Shimano, J. D. Horton, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown. 1997. Differential expression of exons 1a and 1c in mRNAs for sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human and mouse organs and cultured cells. J. Clin. Investig. 99: 838–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura, I., H. Shimano, B. S. Korn, Y. Bashmakov, and J. D. Horton. 1998. Nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins activate genes responsible for the entire program of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in transgenic mouse liver. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 35299–35306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soncini, M., S. F. Yet, Y. Moon, J. Y. Chun, and H. S. Sul. 1995. Hormonal and nutritional control of the fatty acid synthase promoter in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 30339–30343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakil, S. J., J. K. Stoops, and V. C. Joshi. 1983. Fatty acid synthesis and its regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 52: 537–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D., and H. S. Sul. 1997. Upstream stimulatory factor binding to the E-box at −65 is required for insulin regulation of the fatty acid synthase promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 26367–26374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, D., and H. S. Sul. 1995. Upstream stimulatory factors bind to insulin response sequence of the fatty acid synthase promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 28716–28722.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, X., M. R. Briggs, X. Hua, C. Yokoyama, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown. 1993. Nuclear protein that binds sterol regulatory element of low density lipoprotein receptor promoter. II. Purification and characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 14497–14504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, C., X. Wang, M. R. Briggs, A. Admon, J. Wu, X. Hua, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown. 1993. SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene. Cell 75: 187–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa, T., H. Shimano, M. Amemiya-Kudo, N. Yahagi, A. H. Hasty, T. Matsuzaka, H. Okazaki, Y. Tamura, Y. Iizuka, K. Ohashi, J. Osuga, K. Harada, T. Gotoda, S. Kimura, S. Ishibashi, and N. Yamada. 2001. Identification of liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor as an activator of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 2991–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar