Triple Decoding of Hepatitis C Virus RNA by Programmed Translational Frameshifting

REFERENCES

• Brierley, I., P. Digard, and S. C. Inglis. 1989. Characterization of an efficient coronavirus ribosomal frameshifting signal: requirement for an RNA pseudoknot. Cell 57: 537–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J., W. Lu, and J.-H. Ou. 2001. Structure and functions of hepatitis C virus core protein. Recent Res. Dev. Virol. 3: 105–120.
   Google Scholar
• Denison, M. R., P. W. Zoltick, J. L. Leibowitz, C. J. Pachuk, and S. R. Weiss. 1991. Identification of polypeptides encoded in open reading frame 1b of the putative polymerase gene of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus A59. J. Virol. 65: 3076–3082.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinman, J. D., M. J. Ruiz-Echevarria, K. Czaplinski, and S. W. Peltz. 1997. Peptidyl-transferase inhibitors have antiviral properties by altering programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting efficiencies: development of model systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 6606–6611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falk, H., N. Mador, R. Udi, A. Panet, and A. Honigman. 1993. Two cis-acting signals control ribosomal frameshift between human T-cell leukemia virus type II gag and pro genes. J. Virol. 67: 6273–6277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farabaugh, P. J. 1996. Programmed translational frameshifting. Microbiol. Rev. 60: 103–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grentzmann, G., J. A. Ingram, P. J. Kelly, R. F. Gesteland, and J. F. Atkins. 1998. A dual-luciferase reporter system for studying recoding signals. RNA 4: 479–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honigman, A., H. Falk, N. Mador, T. Rosental, and A. Panet. 1995. Translation efficiency of the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-2) gag gene modulates the frequency of ribosomal frameshifting. Virology 208: 312–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houghton, M., A. Weiner, J. Han, G. Kuo, and Q. L. Choo. 1991. Molecular biology of the hepatitis C viruses: implications for diagnosis, development and control of viral disease. Hepatology 14: 381–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine, J. H., J. A. Horsfield, C. Z. McKinney, and W. P. Tate. 1998. A novel strategy to interfere with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 propagation. N. Z. Med. J. 111: 222–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacks, T., H. D. Madhani, F. R. Masiarz, and H. E. Varmus. 1988. Signals for ribosomal frameshifting in the Rous sarcoma virus gag-pol region. Cell 55: 447–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacks, T., M. D. Power, F. R. Masiarz, P. A. Luciw, P. J. Barr, and H. E. Varmus. 1988. Characterization of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature 331: 280–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, B., S. S. Monroe, E. V. Koonin, S. E. Stine, and R. I. Glass. 1993. RNA sequence of astrovirus: distinctive genomic organization and a putative retrovirus-like ribosomal frameshifting signal that directs the viral replicase synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 10539–10543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, M. M., and C. F. Ware. 2000. Hepatitis C virus core protein: possible roles in viral pathogenesis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 242: 117–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefkowitch, J. H., E. R. Schiff, G. L. Davis, R. P. Perrillo, K. Lindsay, H. C. Bodenheimer, Jr., L. A. Balart, T. J. Ortego, J. Payne, J. L. Dienstag, et al. 1993. Pathological diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter comparative study with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 104: 595–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, S. Y., F. Masiarz, S. B. Hwang, M. M. Lai, and J. H. Ou. 1995. Differential subcellular localization of hepatitis C virus core gene products. Virology 213: 455–461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mador, N., A. Panet, and A. Honigman. 1989. Translation of gag, pro, and pol gene products of human T-cell leukemia virus type 2. J. Virol. 63: 2400–2404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. 1997. Management of hepatitis C. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement 15 (3): 1–41.
   Google Scholar
• Parkin, N. T., M. Chamorro, and H. E. Varmus. 1992. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag-pol frameshifting is dependent on downstream mRNA secondary structure: demonstration by expression in vivo. J. Virol. 66: 5147–5151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijnbrand, R. C., and S. M. Lemon. 2000. Internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation in hepatitis C virus replication. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 242: 85–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheuer, P. J., P. Ashrafzadeh, S. Sherlock, D. Brown, and G. M. Dusheiko. 1992. The pathology of hepatitis C. Hepatology 15: 567–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby, M. J., Q. L. Choo, K. Berger, G. Kuo, E. Glazer, M. Eckart, C. Lee, D. Chien, C. Kuo, and M. Houghton. 1993. Expression, identification and subcellular localization of the proteins encoded by the hepatitis C viral genome. J. Gen. Virol. 74: 1103–1113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, D. B., and P. Simmonds. 1997. Characteristics of nucleotide substitution in the hepatitis C virus genome: constraints on sequence change in coding regions at both ends of the genome. J. Mol. Evol. 45: 238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Dam, E. B., C. W. Pleij, and L. Bosch. 1990. RNA pseudoknots: translational frameshifting and readthrough on viral RNAs. Virus Genes 4: 121–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vazquez, D. 1974. Inhibitors of protein synthesis. FEBS Lett. 40(Suppl.): S63–S84.
   Google Scholar
• Walewski, J. L., T. R. Keller, D. D. Stump, and A. D. Branch. 2001. Evidence for a new hepatitis C virus antigen encoded in an overlapping reading frame. RNA 7: 710–721.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, T. H., R. C. Rijnbrand, and S. M. Lemon. 2000. Core protein-coding sequence, but not core protein, modulates the efficiency of cap-independent translation directed by the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis C virus. J. Virol. 74: 11347–11358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, Z., J. Choi, T. S. Yen, W. Lu, A. Strohecker, S. Govindarajan, D. Chien, M. J. Selby, and J. Ou. 2001. Synthesis of a novel hepatitis C virus protein by ribosomal frameshift. EMBO J. 20: 3840–3848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagi, M., R. H. Purcell, S. U. Emerson, and J. Bukh. 1997. Transcripts from a single full-length cDNA clone of hepatitis C virus are infectious when directly transfected into the liver of a chimpanzee. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 8738–8743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yelverton, E., D. Lindsley, P. Yamauchi, and J. A. Gallant. 1994. The function of a ribosomal frameshifting signal from human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 11: 303–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar