REFERENCES
- Andrioli, L. P., A. L. Oberstein, M. S. Corado, D. Yu, and S. Small. 2004. Groucho-dependent repression by sloppy-paired 1 differentially positions anterior pair-rule stripes in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Biol. 276:541–551.
- Andrioli, L. P., V. Vasisht, E. Theodosopoulou, A. Oberstein, and S. Small. 2002. Anterior repression of a Drosophila stripe enhancer requires three position-specific mechanisms. Development 129:4931–4940.
- Aronson, B. D., A. L. Fisher, K. Blechman, M. Caudy, and J. P. Gergen. 1997. Groucho-dependent and -independent repression activities of Runt domain proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:5581–5587.
- Barolo, S., and J. W. Posakony. 2002. Three habits of highly effective signaling pathways: principles of transcriptional control by developmental cell signaling. Genes Dev. 16:1167–1181.
- Bouchard, M., J. St-Amand, and S. Côté. 2000. Combinatorial activity of pair-rule proteins on the Drosophila gooseberry early enhancer. Dev. Biol. 222:135–146.
- Brunelli, S., A. Faiella, V. Capra, V. Nigro, A. Simeone, A. Cama, and E. Boncinelli. 1996. Germline mutations in the homeobox gene EMX2 in patients with severe schizencephaly. Nat. Genet. 12:94–96.
- Carvalho, L. R., K. S. Woods, B. B. Mendonca, N. Marcal, A. L. Zamparini, S. Stifani, J. M. Brickman, I. J. Arnhold, and M. T. Dattani. 2003. A homozygous mutation in HESX1 is associated with evolving hypopituitarism due to impaired repressor-corepressor interaction. J. Clin. Investig. 112:1192–1201.
- Chen, G., and A. J. Courey. 2000. Groucho/TLE family proteins and transcriptional repression. Gene 249:1–16.
- Chen, G., J. Fernandez, S. Mische, and A. J. Courey. 1999. A functional interaction between the histone deacetylase Rpd3 and the corepressor groucho in Drosophila development. Genes Dev. 13:2218–2230.
- Choi, C. Y., Y. H. Kim, Y. O. Kim, S. J. Park, E. A. Kim, W. Riemenschneider, K. Gajewski, R. A. Schulz, and Y. Kim. 2005. Phosphorylation by the DHIPK2 protein kinase modulates the corepressor activity of Groucho. J. Biol. Chem. 280:21427–21436.
- Choi, C. Y., Y. H. Kim, H. J. Kwon, and Y. Kim. 1999. The homeodomain protein NK-3 recruits Groucho and a histone deacetylase complex to repress transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 274:33194–33197.
- Choi, C. Y., Y. M. Lee, Y. H. Kim, T. Park, B. H. Jeon, R. A. Schulz, and Y. Kim. 1999. The homeodomain transcription factor NK-4 acts as either a transcriptional activator or repressor and interacts with the p300 coactivator and the Groucho corepressor. J. Biol. Chem. 274:31543–31552.
- Coulter, D. E., E. A. Swaykus, M. A. Beran-Koehn, D. Goldberg, E. Wieschaus, and P. Schedl. 1990. Molecular analysis of odd-skipped, a zinc finger encoding segmentation gene with a novel pair-rule expression pattern. EMBO J. 9:3795–3804.
- Coulter, D. E., and E. Wieschaus. 1988. Gene activities and segmental patterning in Drosophila: analysis of odd-skipped and pair-rule double mutants. Genes Dev. 2:1812–1823.
- Courey, A. J., and S. Jia. 2001. Transcriptional repression: the long and the short of it. Genes Dev. 15:2786–2796.
- Cowden, J., and M. Levine. 2003. Ventral dominance governs sequential patterns of gene expression across the dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Biol. 262:335–349.
- Daniels, D. L., and W. I. Weis. 2005. Beta-catenin directly displaces Groucho/TLE repressors from Tcf/Lef in Wnt-mediated transcription activation. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 12:364–371.
- Dasen, J. S., J. P. Barbera, T. S. Herman, S. O. Connell, L. Olson, B. Ju, J. Tollkuhn, S. H. Baek, D. W. Rose, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 2001. Temporal regulation of a paired-like homeodomain repressor/TLE corepressor complex and a related activator is required for pituitary organogenesis. Genes Dev. 15:3193–3207.
- de Celis Ibeas, J. M., and S. J. Bray. 2003. Bowl is required downstream of Notch for elaboration of distal limb patterning. Development 130:5943–5952.
- DiNardo, S., and P. H. O'Farrell. 1987. Establishment and refinement of segmental pattern in the Drosophila embryo: spatial control of engrailed expression by pair-rule genes. Genes Dev. 1:1212–1225.
- Eberhard, D., G. Jiménez, B. Heavey, and M. Busslinger. 2000. Transcriptional repression by Pax5 (BSAP) through interaction with corepressors of the Groucho family. EMBO J. 19:2292–2303.
- Fisher, A. L., S. Ohsako, and M. Caudy. 1996. The WRPW motif of the hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix repressor proteins acts as a 4-amino-acid transcription repression and protein-protein interaction domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2670–2677.
- Flores-Saaib, R. D., and A. J. Courey. 2000. Analysis of Groucho-histone interactions suggests mechanistic similarities between Groucho- and Tup1-mediated repression. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:4189–4196.
- Fujioka, M., J. B. Jaynes, and T. Goto. 1995. Early even-skipped stripes act as morphogenetic gradients at the single cell level to establish engrailed expression. Development 121:4371–4382.
- Fukuchi-Shimogori, T., and E. A. Grove. 2003. Emx2 patterns the neocortex by regulating FGF positional signaling. Nat. Neurosci. 6:825–831.
- Goldstein, R. E., G. Jiménez, O. Cook, D. Gur, and Z. Paroush. 1999. Huckebein repressor activity in Drosophila terminal patterning is mediated by groucho. Development 126:3747–3755.
- Grbavec, D., and S. Stifani. 1996. Molecular interaction between TLE1 and the carboxyl-terminal domain of HES-1 containing the WRPW motif. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223:701–705.
- Green, R. B., V. Hatini, K. A. Johansen, X. J. Liu, and J. A. Lengyel. 2002. Drumstick is a zinc finger protein that antagonizes Lines to control patterning and morphogenesis of the Drosophila hindgut. Development 129:3645–3656.
- Grossniklaus, U., R. K. Pearson, and W. J. Gehring. 1992. The Drosophila sloppy paired locus encodes two proteins involved in segmentation that show homology to mammalian transcription factors. Genes Dev. 6:1030–1051.
- Gutjahr, T., C. E. Vanario-Alonso, L. Pick, and M. Noll. 1994. Multiple regulatory elements direct the complex expression pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene paired. Mech. Dev. 48:119–128.
- Hao, I., R. B. Green, O. Dunaevsky, J. A. Lengyel, and C. Rauskolb. 2003. The odd-skipped family of zinc finger genes promotes Drosophila leg segmentation. Dev. Biol. 263:282–295.
- Hart, M. C., L. Wang, and D. E. Coulter. 1996. Comparison of the structure and expression of odd-skipped and two related genes that encode a new family of zinc finger proteins in Drosophila. Genetics 144:171–182.
- Hasson, P., B. Muller, K. Basler, and Z. Paroush. 2001. Brinker requires two corepressors for maximal and versatile repression in Dpp signalling. EMBO J. 20:5725–5736.
- Hatini, V., R. B. Green, J. A. Lengyel, S. J. Bray, and S. Dinardo. 2005. The Drumstick/Lines/Bowl regulatory pathway links antagonistic Hedgehog and Wingless signaling inputs to epidermal cell differentiation. Genes Dev. 19:709–718.
- Jaynes, J. B., and M. Fujioka. 2004. Drawing lines in the sand: even skipped et al. and parasegment boundaries. Dev. Biol. 269:609–622.
- Jiménez, G., Z. Paroush, and D. Ish-Horowicz. 1997. Groucho acts as a corepressor for a subset of negative regulators, including Hairy and Engrailed. Genes Dev. 11:3072–3082.
- Jiménez, G., C. P. Verrijzer, and D. Ish-Horowicz. 1999. A conserved motif in Goosecoid mediates Groucho-dependent repression in Drosophila embryos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:2080–2087.
- Kobayashi, M., R. E. Goldstein, M. Fujioka, Z. Paroush, and J. B. Jaynes. 2001. Groucho augments the repression of multiple Even skipped target genes in establishing parasegment boundaries. Development 128:1805–1815.
- Koizumi, K., C. Lintas, M. Nirenberg, J. S. Maeng, J. H. Ju, J. W. Mack, J. M. Gruschus, W. F. Odenwald, and J. A. Ferretti. 2003. Mutations that affect the ability of the vnd/NK-2 homeoprotein to regulate gene expression: transgenic alterations and tertiary structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:3119–3124.
- Levanon, D., R. E. Goldstein, Y. Bernstein, H. Tang, D. Goldenberg, S. Stifani, Z. Paroush, and Y. Groner. 1998. Transcriptional repression by AML1 and LEF-1 is mediated by the TLE/Groucho corepressors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11590–11595.
- Lim, J., and K. W. Choi. 2003. Bar homeodomain proteins are anti-proneural in the Drosophila eye: transcriptional repression of atonal by Bar prevents ectopic retinal neurogenesis. Development 130:5965–5974.
- Linderson, Y., D. Eberhard, S. Malin, A. Johansson, M. Busslinger, and, P. S. 2004. Corecruitment of the Grg4 repressor by PU.1 is critical for Pax5-mediated repression of B-cell-specific genes. EMBO Rep. 5:291–296.
- Mannervik, M., Y. Nibu, H. Zhang, and M. Levine. 1999. Transcriptional coregulators in development. Science 284:606–609.
- Muhr, J., E. Andersson, M. Persson, T. M. Jessell, and J. Ericson. 2001. Groucho-mediated transcriptional repression establishes progenitor cell pattern and neuronal fate in the ventral neural tube. Cell 104:861–873.
- Mullen, J. R., and S. DiNardo. 1995. Establishing parasegments in Drosophila embryos: roles of the odd-skipped and naked genes. Dev. Biol. 169:295–308.
- Nibu, Y., K. Senger, and M. Levine. 2003. CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:3990–3999.
- Nibu, Y., H. Zhang, E. Bajor, S. Barolo, S. Small, and M. Levine. 1998. dCtBP mediates transcriptional repression by Knirps, Krüppel and Snail in the Drosophila embryo. EMBO J. 17:7009–7020.
- Nibu, Y., H. Zhang, and M. Levine. 1998. Interaction of short-range repressors with Drosophila CtBP in the embryo. Science 280:101–104.
- Palaparti, A., A. Baratz, and S. Stifani. 1997. The Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of split transcriptional repressors interact with the genetically defined amino-terminal silencing domain of histone H3. J. Biol. Chem. 272:26604–26610.
- Parkhurst, S. M., D. Bopp, and D. Ish-Horowicz. 1990. X:A ratio, the primary sex-determining signal in Drosophila, is transduced by helix-loop-helix proteins. Cell 63:1179–1191.
- Paroush, Z., R. L. Finley, Jr., T. Kidd, S. M. Wainwright, P. W. Ingham, R. Brent, and D. Ish-Horowicz. 1994. Groucho is required for Drosophila neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination and interacts directly with hairy-related bHLH proteins. Cell 79:805–815.
- Phippen, T. M., A. L. Sweigart, M. Moniwa, A. Krumm, J. R. Davie, and S. M. Parkhurst. 2000. Drosophila C-terminal binding protein functions as a context-dependent transcriptional Co-factor and interferes with both mad and groucho transcriptional repression. J. Biol. Chem. 275:37628–37637.
- Reim, I., H. H. Lee, and M. Frasch. 2003. The T-box-encoding Dorsocross genes function in amnioserosa development and the patterning of the dorsolateral germ band downstream of Dpp. Development 130:3187–3204.
- Saulier-Le Dréan, B., A. Nasiadka, J. Dong, and H. K. Krause. 1998. Dynamic changes in the functions of Odd-skipped during early Drosophila embryogenesis. Development 125:4851–4861.
- Schöck, F., J. Reischl, E. Wimmer, H. Taubert, B. A. Purnell, and H. Jäckle. 2000. Phenotypic suppression of empty spiracles is prevented by buttonhead. Nature 405:351–354.
- Smith, S. T., and J. B. Jaynes. 1996. A conserved region of engrailed, shared among all en-, gsc-, Nk1-, Nk2- and msh-class homeoproteins, mediates active transcriptional repression in vivo. Development 122:3141–3150.
- St Johnston, D., and C. Nüsslein-Volhard. 1992. The origin of pattern and polarity in the Drosophila embryo. Cell 68:201–219.
- Struhl, G., and A. Adachi. 1998. Nuclear access and action of Notch in vivo. Cell 93:649–660.
- Strunk, B., P. Struffi, K. Wright, B. Pabst, J. Thomas, L. Qin, and D. N. Arnosti. 2001. Role of CtBP in transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein. Dev. Biol. 239:229–240.
- Tolkunova, E. N., M. Fujioka, M. Kobayashi, D. Deka, and J. B. Jaynes. 1998. Two distinct types of repression domain in engrailed: one interacts with the Groucho corepressor and is preferentially active on integrated target genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:2804–2814.
- Treisman, R. 1996. Regulation of transcription by MAP kinase cascades. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:205–215.
- Wang, L., and D. E. Coulter. 1996. bowel, an odd-skipped homolog, functions in the terminal pathway during Drosophila embryogenesis. EMBO J. 15:3182–3196.
- Yasukawa, T., C. Kanei-Ishii, T. Maekawa, J. Fujimoto, T. Yamamoto, and S. Ishii. 1995. Increase of solubility of foreign proteins in Escherichia coli by coproduction of the bacterial thioredoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 270:25328–25331.
- Zhang, H., and M. Levine. 1999. Groucho and dCtBP mediate separate pathways of transcriptional repression in the Drosophila embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:535–540.