Autophosphorylation of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulates DNA End Processing and May Also Alter Double-Strand Break Repair Pathway Choice

REFERENCES

• Allen, C., J. Halbrook, and J. A. Nickoloff. 2003. Interactive competition between homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. Mol. Cancer Res. 1:913–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, W., Y. Yu, D. Merkle, J. Gifford, Q. Ding, K. Meek, and S. P. Lees-Miller. 2004. Autophosphorylation-dependent remodeling of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) regulates ligation of DNA ends. Nucleic Acids Res. 32:4351–4357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calsou, P., C. Delteil, P. Frit, J. Drouet, and B. Salles. 2003. Coordinated assembly of Ku and p460 subunits of the DNA-dependent protein kinase on DNA ends is necessary for XRCC4-ligase IV recruitment. J. Mol. Biol. 326:93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan., D. W., B. P. Chen, S. Prithivirajsingh, A. Kurimasa, M. D. Story, J. Qin, and D. J. Chen. 2002. Autophosphorylation of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit is required for rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks. Genes Dev. 16:2333–2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. W., and S. P. Lees-Miller. 1996. The DNA-dependent protein kinase is inactivated by autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 271:8936–8941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, D. W., R. Ye, C. J. Veillette, and S. P. Lees-Miller. 1999. DNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites in Ku 70/80 heterodimer. Biochemistry 38:1819–1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, B. P., D. W. Chan, J. Kobayashi, S. Burma, A. Asaithamby, K. Morotomi-Yano, E. Botvinick, J. Qin, and D. J. Chen. 2005. Cell cycle dependence of DNA-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation in response to DNA double strand breaks. J. Biol. Chem. 280:14709–14715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Convery, E., E. K. Shin, Q. Ding, W. Wang, P. Douglas, J. A. Nickoloff, S. P. Lees-Miller, and K. Meek. 2005. Inhibition of homologous recombination by variants of DNA-PKcs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:1345–1350.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding, Q., Y. V. Reddy, W. Wang, T. Woods, P. Douglas, D. A. Ramsden, S. P. Lees-Miller, and K. Meek. 2003. Autophosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase is required for efficient end processing during DNA double-strand break repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:5836–5848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dip, R., and H. Naegeli. 2004. Binding of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit to Holliday junctions. Biochem. J. 381:165–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas, P., G. B. Moorhead, R. Ye, and S. P. Lees-Miller, S. P. 2001. Protein phosphatases regulate DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 276:18992–18998.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas, P., G. P. Sapkota, N. Morrice, Y. Yu, A. A. Goodarzi, D. Merkle, K. Meek, D. R. Alessi, and S. P. Lees-Miller. 2002. Identification of in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation sites in the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase. Biochem. J. 368:243–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouet, J., C. Delteil, J. Lefrancois, P. Concannon, B. Salles, and P. Calsou. 2005. DNA-dependent protein kinase and XRCC4-DNA ligase IV mobilization in the cell in response to DNA double strand breaks. J. Biol. Chem. 280:7060–7069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esashi, F., N. Christ, J. Gannon, Y. Liu, T. Hunt, M. Jasin, and S. C. West. 2005. CDK-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA2 as a regulatory mechanism for recombinational repair. Nature 434:598–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Capetillo, O., A. Lee, M. Nussenzweig, and A. Nussenzweig. 2004. H2AX: the histone guardian of the genome. DNA Repair 3:959–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrin, L. J., and R. D. Camerini-Otero. 1991. Selective cleavage of human RecA-assisted restriction endonuclease (RARE) cleavage. Science 54:1494–1497.
   Google Scholar
• Goodarzi, A. A., and S. P. Lees-Miller. 2004. Biochemical characterization of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein from human cells. DNA Repair 3:753–767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu, H. L., S. M. Yannone, and D. J. Chen. 2002. Defining interactions between DNA-PK and ligase IV/XRCC4. DNA Repair 1:225–235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabotyanski, E. B., L. Gomelsky, J. O. Hanc, T. D. Stamato, and D. B. Roth. 1998. Double-strand break repair in Ku86- and XRCC4-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:5333–5342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kienker, L. J., E. K. Shin, and K. Meek. 2000. Both V(D)J recombination and radioresistance require DNA-PK kinase activity, though minimal levels suffice for V(D)J recombination. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:2752–2761.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurimasa, A., S. Kumano, N. V. Boubnov, M. D. Story, C. S. Tung, S. R. Peterson, and D. J. Chen. 1999. Requirement for the kinase activity of human DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in DNA strand break rejoining. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:3877–3884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leber, R., T. W. Wise, R. Mizuta, and K. Meek. 1998. The XRCC4 gene product is a target for and interacts with the DNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1794–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees-Miller, S. P., and K. Meek. 2003. Repair of DNA double strand breaks by non-homologous end joining. Biochemie 85:1161–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., U. Pannicke, K. Schwarz, and M. R. Lieber. 2002. Hairpin opening and overhang processing by an Artemis/DNA-dependent protein kinase complex in nonhomologous end joining and V(D)J recombination. Cell 108:781–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek, K., S. Gupta, D. A. Ramsden, and S. P. Lees-Miller. 2004. DNA-PK: activity director at the end. Immunol. Rev. 200:132–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkle, D., P. Douglas, G. B. Moorhead, Z. Leonenko, Y. Yu, D. Cramb, D. P. Bazett-Jones, and S. P. Lees-Miller. 2002. The DNA-dependent protein kinase interacts with DNA to form a protein-DNA complex that is disrupted by phosphorylation. Biochemistry 41:12706–12714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, A. J., P. Hu, M. Han, N. Ellis, and M. Jasin. 2001. Ku DNA end-binding protein modulates homologous repair of double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Genes Dev. 15:3237–3242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, V., Q. Ding, S. P. Lees-Miller, K. Meek, and D. A. Ramsden. 2004. Nonhomologous end-joining requires that the DNA-PK complex undergo an autophosphorylation-dependent rearrangement at DNA ends. J. Biol. Chem. 279:39408–39413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riballo, E., M. Kuhne, N. Rief, A. Doherty, G. C. Smith, M. J. Recio, C. Reis, K. Dahm, A. Fricke, A. Krempler, A. R. Parker, S. P. Jackson, A. Gennery, P. A. Jeggo, and M. Lobrich. 2004. A pathway of double-strand break rejoining dependent upon ATM, Artemis, and proteins locating to γ-H2AX foci. Mol. Cell 16:715–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothkamm, K., I. Kruger, L. H. Thompson, and M. Lobrich. 2003. Pathways of DNA double-strand break repair during the mammalian cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23:5706–5715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedelnikova, O. A., E. P. Rogakou, I. G. Panyutin, and W. M. Bonner. 2002. Quantitative detection of 125IdU-induced DNA double-strand breaks with γ-H2AX antibody. Radiat. Res. 158:486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, E. K., T. Rijkers, A. Pastink, and K. Meek. 2000. Analyses of TCRB rearrangements substantiate a profound deficit in recombination signal sequence joining in SCID foals: implications for the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase in V(D)J recombination. J. Immunol. 164:1416–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubeyrand, S., L. Pope, B. Pakuts, and R. J. Hache. 2003. Threonines 2638/2647 in DNA-PK are essential for cellular resistance to ionizing radiation. Cancer Res. 63:1198–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soubeyrand, S., H. Torrance, W. Giffin, W. Gong, C. Schild-Poulter, and R. J. Hache. 2001. Activation and autoregulation of DNA-PK from structured single-stranded DNA and coding end hairpins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:9605–9610.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler, T., B. P. Chen, R. Harper, K. Morotomi-Yano, B. C. Huang, K. Meek, J. E. Cleaver, D. J. Chen, and M. Wabl. 2004. DNA-PKcs function regulated specifically by protein phosphatase 5. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:1247–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weterings, E., N. S. Verkaik, H. T. Bruggenwirth, J. H. J. Hoeijmakers, and D. C. van Gent. 2003. The role of DNA dependent protein kinase in synapsis of DNA ends. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:7238–7246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., W. Wang, Q. Ding, R. Ye, D. Chen, D. Merkle, D. Schriemer, K. Meek, and S. P. Lees-Miller. 2003. DNA-PK phosphorylation sites in XRCC4 are not required for survival after radiation or for V(D)J recombination. DNA Repair 2:1239–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar