REFERENCES
- Aufsatz, W., M. F. Mette, J. van der Winden, A. J. Matzke, and M. Matzke. 2002. RNA-directed DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:16499–16506.
- Bell, A. C., and G. Felsenfeld. 2000. Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene. Nature 405:482–485.
- Bell, A. C., A. G. West, and G. Felsenfeld. 1999. The protein CTCF is required for the enhancer blocking activity of vertebrate insulators. Cell 98:387–396.
- Birger, Y., R. Shemer, J. Perk, and A. Razin. 1999. The imprinting box of the mouse Igf2r gene. Nature 397:84–88.
- Chaillet, J. R. 1994. Genomic imprinting: lessons from mouse transgenes. Mutat. Res. 307:441–449.
- Chung, J. H., A. C. Bell, and G. Felsenfeld. 1997. Characterization of the chicken beta-globin insulator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:575–580.
- Chung, J. H., M. Whiteley, and G. Felsenfeld. 1993. A 5′ element of the chicken beta-globin domain serves as an insulator in human erythroid cells and protects against position effect in Drosophila. Cell 74:505–514.
- Fedoriw, A. M., P. Stein, P. Svoboda, R. M. Schultz, and M. S. Bartolomei. 2004. Transgenic RNAi reveals essential function for CTCF in H19 gene imprinting. Science 303:238–240.
- Filippova, G. N., S. Fagerlie, E. M. Klenova, C. Myers, Y. Dehner, G. Goodwin, P. E. Neiman, S. J. Collins, and V. V. Lobanenkov. 1996. An exceptionally conserved transcriptional repressor, CTCF, employs different combinations of zinc fingers to bind diverged promoter sequences of avian and mammalian c-myc oncogenes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2802–2813.
- Hark, A. T., C. J. Schoenherr, D. J. Katz, R. S. Ingram, J. M. Levorse, and S. M. Tilghman. 2000. CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus. Nature 405:486–489.
- Herman, H., M. Lu, M. Anggraini, A. Sikora, Y. Chang, B. J. Yoon, and P. D. Soloway. 2003. Trans allele methylation and paramutation-like effects in mice. Nat. Genet. 34:199–202.
- Ishihara, K., N. Hatano, H. Furuumi, R. Kato, T. Iwaki, K. Miura, Y. Jinno, and H. Sasaki. 2000. Comparative genomic sequencing identifies novel tissue-specific enhancers and sequence elements for methylation-sensitive factors implicated in Igf2/H19 imprinting. Genome Res. 10:664–671.
- Kanduri, C., V. Pant, D. Loukinov, E. Pugacheva, C. F. Qi, A. Wolffe, R. Ohlsson, and V. V. Lobanenkov. 2000. Functional association of CTCF with the insulator upstream of the H19 gene is parent of origin-specific and methylation-sensitive. Curr. Biol. 10:853–856.
- Kaneda, M., M. Okano, K. Hata, T. Sado, N. Tsujimoto, E. Li, and H. Sasaki. 2004. Essential role for de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in paternal and maternal imprinting. Nature 429:900–903.
- Kantor, B., K. Makedonski, Y. Green-Finberg, R. Shemer, and A. Razin. 2004. Control elements within the PWS/AS imprinting box and their function in the imprinting process. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13:751–762.
- Kawasaki, H., and K. Taira. 2004. Induction of DNA methylation and gene silencing by short interfering RNAs in human cells. Nature 431:211–217.
- Li, E., C. Beard, and R. Jaenisch. 1993. Role for DNA methylation in genomic imprinting. Nature 366:362–365.
- Martienssen, R. A. 2003. Maintenance of heterochromatin by RNA interference of tandem repeats. Nat. Genet. 35:213–214.
- McBurney, M. W., L. C. Sutherland, C. N. Adra, B. Leclair, M. A. Rudnicki, and K. Jardine. 1991. The mouse Pgk-1 gene promoter contains an upstream activator sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:5755–5761.
- Mette, M. F., W. Aufsatz, J. van Der Winden, M. A. Matzke, and A. J. Matzke. 2000. Transcriptional silencing and promoter methylation triggered by double-stranded RNA. EMBO J. 19:5194–5201.
- Pant, V., S. Kurukuti, E. Pugacheva, S. Shamsuddin, P. Mariano, R. Renkawitz, E. Klenova, V. Lobanenkov, and R. Ohlsson. 2004. Mutation of a single CTCF target site within the H19 imprinting control region leads to loss of Igf2 imprinting and complex patterns of de novo methylation upon maternal inheritance. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24:3497–3504.
- Pant, V., P. Mariano, C. Kanduri, A. Mattsson, V. Lobanenkov, R. Heuchel, and R. Ohlsson. 2003. The nucleotides responsible for the direct physical contact between the chromatin insulator protein CTCF and the H19 imprinting control region manifest parent of origin-specific long-distance insulation and methylation-free domains. Genes Dev. 17:586–590.
- Plass, C., H. Shibata, I. Kalcheva, L. Mullins, N. Kotelevtseva, J. Mullins, R. Kato, H. Sasaki, S. Hirotsune, Y. Okazaki, W. A. Held, Y. Hayashizaki, and V. M. Chapman. 1996. Identification of Grf1 on mouse chromosome 9 as an imprinted gene by RLGS-M. Nat. Genet. 14:106–109.
- Pugacheva, E. M., V. K. Tiwari, Z. Abdullaev, A. A. Vostrov, P. T. Flanagan, W. W. Quitschke, D. I. Loukinov, R. Ohlsson, and V. V. Lobanenkov. 2005. Familial cases of point mutations in the XIST promoter reveal a correlation between CTCF binding and pre-emptive choices of X chromosome inactivation. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14:953–965.
- Schoenherr, C. J., J. M. Levorse, and S. M. Tilghman. 2003. CTCF maintains differential methylation at the Igf2/H19 locus. Nat. Genet. 33:66–69.
- Shemer, R., A. Y. Hershko, J. Perk, R. Mostoslavsky, B. Tsuberi, H. Cedar, K. Buiting, and A. Razin. 2000. The imprinting box of the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome domain. Nat. Genet. 26:440–443.
- Thorvaldsen, J. L., K. L. Duran, and M. S. Bartolomei. 1998. Deletion of the H19 differentially methylated domain results in loss of imprinted expression of H19 and Igf2. Genes Dev. 12:3693–3702.
- Webber, A. L., R. S. Ingram, J. M. Levorse, and S. M. Tilghman. 1998. Location of enhancers is essential for the imprinting of H19 and Igf2 genes. Nature 391:711–715.
- Yoon, B. J., H. Herman, A. Sikora, L. T. Smith, C. Plass, and P. D. Soloway. 2002. Regulation of DNA methylation of Rasgrf1. Nat. Genet. 30:92–96.